Volume 11, Number 1—January 2005
Research
Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Aharon Abbo*, Shiri Navon-Venezia*, Orly Hammer-Muntz*, Tami Krichali*, Yardena Siegman-Igra*, and Yehuda Carmeli*
Table 2
Group comparison: patients’ characterization and possible risk factors for Acinetobacter baumannii isolation*†
| Cases, n (%) | Controls, n (%) | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic parameters | |||||
| Average age, y (SD) | 67.7 (16.42) | 64.4 (19.15) | 1.012 | 0.996–1.03 | 0.134 |
| Female | 47 (40) | 59 (50) | |||
| Male | 71 (60) | 59 (50) | 1.48 | 0.89–2.45 | 0.13 |
| Smoking | 35 (30) | 43 (36) | 0.72 | 0.41–1.27 | 0.26 |
| Alcohol usage | 7 (6) | 5 (4) | 1.5 | 0.42–5.31 | 0.53 |
| Admission from home | 23 (20) | 12 (10) | 2.12 | 0.96–4.76 | 0.065 |
| Concomitant diseases | |||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 82 (69) | 61 (52) | 2.33 | 1.27–4.27 | 0.006 |
| Lung disease | 59 (50) | 50 (42) | 1.578 | 0.82–2.72 | 0.183 |
| Diabetes | 39 (33) | 28 (24) | 1.578 | 0.88-2.8 | 0.119 |
| Liver disease | 10 (8) | 18 (15) | 0.555 | 0.25–1.2 | 0.136 |
| Kidney disease | 35 (30) | 27 (23) | 1.388 | 0.76–2.54 | 0.288 |
| Posttransplantation | 7 (6) | 3 (3) | 2.333 | 0.6–9.02 | 0.22 |
| Malignancy | 35 (30) | 38 (32) | 0.923 | 0.53–1.6 | 0.777 |
| Clinical parameters | |||||
| Unconsciousness | 40 (43) | 26 (22) | 0.706 | 0.48–1.02 | 0.069 |
| Bedridden | 88 (75) | 79 (76) | 1.45 | 0.82–2.56 | 0.201 |
| In-house dialysis | 11 (9) | 4 (3) | 2.5 | 0.78–7.97 | 0.121 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 70 (59) | 47 (40) | 2.916 | 1.51–5.61 | 0.001 |
| Admission in last 3 months | 56 (47) | 52 (44) | 1.148 | 0.68–1.92 | 0.6 |
| ICU stay | 34 (92) | 35 (30) | 0.984 | 0.94–1.02 | 0.473 |
| Immunosuppression treatment | 29 (25) | 27 (32) | 1.095 | 0.9–1.97 | 0.763 |
| Major surgery | 33 (28) | 33 (28) | 1 | 0.51–1.95 | 1 |
| Isolation of susceptible Acinetobacter before inclusion | 6 (5) | 6 (5) | 1 | 1 | |
| Antimicrobial treatment | |||||
| Home antimicrobial treatment | 16 (41) | 6 (5) | 2.666 | 1.04–6.81 | 0.04 |
| In-house antimicrobial treatment | 104 (88) | 96 (81) | 1.727 | 0.82–3.63 | 0.149 |
| Average number of antimicrobial agents (SD) | 3.025 (2) | 2.97 (2) | 1.015 | 1 | 0.847 |
| Penicillin administration‡ | 42 (63) | 54 (46) | 0.647 | 0.37–1.1 | 0.112 |
| Cephalosporin use (1st, 2nd generation) | 31 (26) | 34 (92) | 0.9 | 0.476–1.701 | 0.746 |
| 3rd generation cephalosporin use | 53 (54) | 42 (63) | 1.631 | 0.92–2.88 | 0.093 |
| 4th-generation cephalosporin use | 17 (41) | 17 (14) | 1 | 0.49–2.04 | 1 |
| Macrolides | 21 (18) | 11 (9) | 2.25 | 0.97–5.17 | 0.056 |
| Metronidazole | 48 (14) | 35 (30) | 1.933 | 1.03–3.6 | 0.038 |
| Gentamicin | 23 (19) | 27 (32) | 0.777 | 0.38–1.56 | 0.481 |
| Amikacin | 12 (10) | 19 (16) | 0.5 | 0.2–1.24 | 0.134 |
| Clindamycin | 7 (6) | 8 (7) | 0.875 | 0.32–2.41 | 0.796 |
| Vancomycin | 22 (19) | 22 (19) | 0.944 | 0.48–1.83 | 0.866 |
| Carbapenem | 10 (8.47) | 10 (8.47) | 0.875 | 0.32–2.41 | 0.796 |
| Invasive procedures | |||||
| Central line | 69 (58) | 70 (59) | 0.958 | 0.54–1.7 | 0.884 |
| Arterial line | 35 (30) | 34 (29) | 0.933 | 0.45–1.93 | 0.85 |
| Foley catheter | 96 (81) | 76 (64) | 2.42 | 1.3–4.52 | 0.005 |
| Other bedside procedures§ | 63 (53) | 78 (67) | 0.531 | 0.29–0.95 | 0.035 |
*OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; ICU, intensive care unit.
†All variables were recorded up to the time of inclusion in the study.
‡Including semisynthetic penicillin and β-lactamase‑containing products.
§Including tracheostomy, bedside débridement, chest tube insertion, and gastrointestinal endoscopy.
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