Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 15, Number 12—December 2009
Policy Review

Pandemic Influenza as 21st Century Urban Public Health Crisis

David M. BellComments to Author , Isaac B. Weisfuse, Mauricio Hernandez-Avila, Carlos Del Rio, Xinia Bustamante, and Guenael Rodier
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (D.M. Bell); New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA (I.B. Weisfuse); Ministry of Health of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (M. Hernandez-Avila); Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (C. del Rio); Pan American Health Organization, San Jose, Costa Rica (X. Bustamante); World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (G. Rodier)

Main Article

Figure 1

Sign hung on doorknobs containing information from the Mexican Ministry of Health promoting cough etiquette, using the communications icon Promi (3). Translation: “Wash your hands. Viruses are not permitted to enter here. When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth with a disposable handkerchief or use your forearm, never your hands!”

Figure 1. Sign hung on doorknobs containing information from the Mexican Ministry of Health promoting cough etiquette, using the communications icon Promi (3). Translation: “Wash your hands. Viruses are not permitted to enter here. When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth with a disposable handkerchief or use your forearm, never your hands!”

Main Article

References
  1. World Health Organization. Cities and public health crises. Report of the international consultation, 29–30 October 2008, Lyon, France. Geneva: The Organization. p. 1–32 [cited 2009 Sep 22]. Available from http://www.who.int/ihr/lyon/FRWHO_HSE_IHR_LYON_2009.5.pdf
  2. Patel  RB, Burke  TF. Urbanization—an emerging humanitarian disaster. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:7413. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Mexico Ministry of Health website [cited 2009 Sep 22]. Available from http://portal.salud.gob.mx
  4. Mexico Ministry of Health. Linemientos y recomendaciones. Influenza A (H1N1) [cited 2009 Oct 20]. Available from http://origin.promocion.salud.gob.mx/dgps/interior1/lineamientos_influenza.html
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection—Mexico, March–April, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:46770.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection—Mexico, March–May, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:5859.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Stern  AM, Markel  H. What Mexico taught the world about pandemic influenza preparedness and community mitigation strategies. JAMA. 2009;302:12212. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Messmacher  M. Taller de Reactivación Económica ante la epidemia A(H1N1), Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo/United Nations Development Programme–Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público/Secretary of Finance Cd de México, 4 de Septiembre de 2009.
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infections in a school, New York City, April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:4702.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Fall influenza planning: an early briefing on schools, flu shots, and health care resources, 9/1/09 [cited 2009 Oct 18]. Available from http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/flu/flu-fall-plan.pdf
  11. New York City Office of Emergency Management. Ready New York: pandemic flu [cited 2009 Jul 19]. Available from http://www.nyc.gov/html/oem/html/get_prepared/ready.shtml
  12. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine [cited 2009 Oct 17]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr58e0821a1.htm
  13. Bosman  J. Flu closings failing to keep schoolchildren at home. New York Times 2009 May 21 [cited 2009 Oct 13]. Available from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/21/nyregion/21kids.html
  14. Kim-Farley  RJ, Celentano  JT, Gunter  C, Jones  JW, Stone  RA, Aller  RD, Standardized emergency management system and response to a smallpox emergency. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003;18:31320.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Federal Emergency Management Agency. National Incident Management System Resource Center [cited 2009 Sep 20]. Available from http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims
  16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. H1N1 flu resources for businesses and employers [cited 2009 Sep 21]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/business
  17. Lurie  N. H1N1 influenza, public health preparedness, and health care reform. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:8435. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. World Health Organization. Measures in school settings [cited 2009 Sep 22]. Available from http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/h1n1_school_measures_20090911/en/index.html
  19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC guidance for state and local public health officials and school administrators for school (K–12) responses to influenza during the 2009–2010 school year [cited 2009 Sep 22]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/schools/schoolguidance.htm
  20. Greenough  PG, Kirsch  TD. Hurricane Katrina: public health response—assessing needs. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:15446. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. World Health Organization. Outbreak communication guidelines. Geneva: The Organization; 2008 [cited 2009 Sep 22]. Available from http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_2005_28/en/index.html
  22. World Health Organization. International Health Regulations (2005). Geneva: The Organization; 2005. p. 1–74 [cited 2009 Sep 22]. Available from http://www.who.int/csr/ihr/en
  23. World Health Organization. International Health Regulations (2005): areas of work for implementation. Geneva: The Organization; 2007. p. 1–28 [cited 2009 Sep 22]. Available from http://www.who.int/csr/ihr/finalversion9Nov07.pdf
  24. Bell  DM. Of milk, health and trade security. Far East Econ Rev. 2008;171:347.

Main Article

Page created: December 09, 2010
Page updated: December 09, 2010
Page reviewed: December 09, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external