Volume 16, Number 10—October 2010
Letter
Clostridium difficile Infections among Hospitalized Children, United States, 1997–2006
To the Editor: Zilberberg et al. described a notable increase in rates of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)–related hospitalizations of children during 1997–2006 on the basis of analysis of data from 2 national administrative databases (1). As the authors acknowledge, they used administratively coded databases, which have inherent misclassification and testing biases.
Detection of C. difficile toxin indicates that bowel flora have been perturbed. However, the clinical role of toxin detection or isolation of C. difficile organisms in children is controversial. Although primary CDI is a recognized pathologic entity in children, one needs to consider whether another etiology related to a concomitant infection, antimicrobial drug administration, or alteration in enteral nutrition may be the precipitating event resulting in C. difficile toxin production.
It is our clinical observation that availability of testing for C. difficile and rapidity of assay results play a role in the submission of stool specimens for analysis. In 2007, we conducted a 5-month retrospective chart review of C. difficile testing practices at 2 local tertiary-care pediatric hospitals. Of 796 stool specimens submitted, 42 (5%) were notable for the detection of toxin A or B; these samples represented 35 patients (2). Medical coders likely face the same challenges as clinicians who must interpret toxin assay results and their clinical role with regard to hospitalized children. Although the ≈2-fold increase in CDI-associated hospitalization rates reported by Zilberberg et al. in their time series and cross-sectional analyses is notable, these results should be interpreted within the context of clinical and epidemiologic factors contributing to generation of this data.
References
- Zilberberg MD, Tillotson GS, McDonald LC. Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, United States, 1997–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:604–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vindigni SM, Sullivan DH, Shane AL. To treat or not to treat? Optimizing pediatric Clostridium difficile management. Poster presented at Fifth Decennial International Conference on Healthcare-Associated Infections; 2010 Mar 18–22; Atlanta, GA, USA.
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In Response: I appreciate the letter by Vindigni and Shane pointing out the need for a cautious approach to treatment for infection with Clostridium difficile isolated from the stool of children, given their propensity for colonization by this organism (1). I could not agree more. In our report, we noted an increase over time in the rate of hospitalizations for not only C. difficile infections (CDIs) but also for rotavirus infections in children. This finding led us to acknowledge the possibility of a reporting bias for CDI (2). Other studies have detected a similar increase in CDIs among hospitalized children and have reported greater severity of associated disease (3–5). Such epidemiologic data, combined with emergence of the BI/NAP1/027 hypervirulent strain of C. difficile in the United States and abroad, support a real increase in CDIs in a population for which the clinical definition is likely less specific than for adults. Although a more precise clinical definition for CDI in children (primarily those <2 years of age) is needed, studies like ours, which are necessarily limited methodologically, can serve to alert clinicians to be more vigilant to the possibility of disease caused by this evolving pathogen, even in a population thought to be at low risk.
References
- Vindigni SM, Shane AL. Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, United States, 1997–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1651.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zilberberg MD, Tillotson GS, McDonald LC. Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, United States, 1997–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:604–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kim J, Smathers SA, Prasad P, Leckerman KH, Coffin S, Zaoutis T. Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile–associated disease among inpatients in the United States, 2001–2006. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1266–70. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Toltzis P, Kim J, Dul M, Zoltanski J, Smathers S, Zaoutis T. Presence of the epidemic North American pulsed field type 1 Clostridium difficile strain in hospitalized children. J Pediatr. 2009;154:607–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Suh KN, Gravel D, Mulvey MR, Moore DL, Miller M, Simor AE, Clostridium difficile–associated infections in children admitted to acute care hospitals participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infections Surveillance Progran (CNISP), 2004–2005 [abstract 306]. In: Program of the 18th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America; 2008 Apr 5–8; Orlando, FL. Arlington (VA): The Society; 2008.
Table of Contents – Volume 16, Number 10—October 2010
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