Volume 20, Number 4—April 2014
Research
Ciprofloxacin Resistance and Gonorrhea Incidence Rates in 17 Cities, United States, 1991–2006
, Robert D. Kirkcaldy, Thomas L. Gift, Kwame Owusu-Edusei, and Hillard S. Weinstock
Table 1
Variables used in regression analyses of ciprofloxacin resistance and gonorrhea incidence rates in 17 cities, United States, 1991–2006*
| Variable | Mean (SD) | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ciprofloxacin resistance | 0.028 (0.070) | Fraction of GISP isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥1 μg/mL) in GISP clinic(s) in given city | GISP |
| Gonorrhea incidence rate (log) | 5.60 (0.911) | Log of city’s reported gonorrhea incidence rate (cases/100,000 persons) | CDC |
| Syphilis rate (log) | 2.07 (1.22) | Log of city’s reported primary and secondary syphilis rate (cases/100,000 persons) | CDC |
| % Black | 24.3 (21.6) | % of city population that is black | Census |
| % 15–29 y of age | 21.7 (1.6) | % of city population that is 15–29 y of age | Census |
| Robbery rate | 589 (356) | No. reported offenses/100,000 persons | FBI |
| Unemployment rate | 6.07 (1.99) | % of city’s labor force not employed | BLS |
| Per capita income | $36,483 ($5,788) | Per capita personal income in the city’s respective metropolitan statistical area (2006 dollars) | BEA |
| City variables | NA | Binary (dummy) variables for each city | Created |
| Year variables | NA | Binary (dummy) variables for each year | Created |
*For simplicity, we describe our study as a city-level analysis, although the data we analyzed were comprised of a mixture of sources at the city level, county level, and metropolitan statistical area. The dataset consisted of 1 observation/city/year during 1991–2006. Gonorrhea and syphilis incidence rates, % Black, and % 15–29 y of age were obtained from surveillance records and US Census Bureau data maintained by CDC (Atlanta, GA, USA) (13). We added 1 to the syphilis rate before taking the log. The city-specific data obtained from CDC were derived from county data and may only approximate city jurisdictions. City-specific resistance was based on resistance reported in GISP. Robbery rates and unemployment rates were based on city-level data, and per capita income was based on metropolitan statistical area data (www.ucrdatatool.gov, http://www.bls.gov/data and http://bea.gov/, respectively). Per capita income was updated to 2006 US dollars by using the all items component of the consumer price index (www.bls.gov/cpi/data.htm). For ease of display of regression coefficients, the unemployment rate was entered into the regression analyses as the no. persons unemployed/100 in the labor force, robbery rates were entered as the no. offenses/100 population, and income was entered in $100,000s (e.g., $36,483 was entered as 36.48). GISP, Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation; BLS, Bureau of Labor Statistics; BEA, Bureau of Economic Analysis.