Volume 21, Number 1—January 2015
Research
Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Patients with Scrub Typhus in 3 Regions of India
Figure 2
References
- Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, Ching WM, Richards AL. Scrub typhus: the geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(Suppl 3):S203–30 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wongprompitak P, Anukool W, Wongsawat E, Silpasakorn S, Duong V, Buchy P, Broad-coverage molecular epidemiology of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Thailand. Infect Genet Evol. 2013;15:53–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mathai E, Lloyd G, Cherian T, Abraham OC, Cherian AM. Serological evidence for the continued presence of human rickettsioses in southern India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2001;95:395–8 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cho NH, Kim HR, Lee JH, Kim SY, Kim J, Cha S, The Orientia tsutsugamushi genome reveals massive proliferation of conjugative type IV secretion system and host-cell interaction genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:7981–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Duong V, Mai TT, Blasdell K. Lo le V, Morvan C, Lay S, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Cambodia and Central Vietnam reveals a broad region-wide genetic diversity. Infect Genet Evol. 2013;15:35–42.
- Lin PR, Tsai HP, Tsui PY, Weng MH, Kuo MD, Lin HC, Genetic typing, based on the 56-kilodalton type specific antigen gene, of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains isolated from chiggers collected from wild-caught rodents in Taiwan. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:3398–405 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nakayama K, Kurokawa K, Fukuhara M, Urakami H, Yamamoto S, Yamazaki K, Genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains. DNA Res. 2010;17:281–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yang H-H, Huang I-T, Lin C-H, Chen T-Y, Chen L-K. New genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from humans in eastern Taiwan. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e46997. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mahajan SK, Rolain JM, Kashyap R, Bakshi D, Sharma V, Prasher BS, Scrub typhus in Himalayas. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1590–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28:2731–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Isaac R, Varghese GM, Mathai E, Manjula J, Joseph I. Scrub typhus: prevalence and diagnostic issues in rural southern India. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1395–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chrispal A, Boorugu H, Gopinath KG, Prakash JA, Chandy S, Abraham OC, Scrub typhus: an unrecognized threat in South India—clinical profile and predictors of mortality. Trop Doct. 2010;40:129–33. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mathai E, Rolain JM, Verghese GM, Abraham OC, Mathai D, Mathai M, Outbreak of scrub typhus in southern India during the cooler months. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;990:359–64 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sharma A, Mahajan S, Gupta ML, Kanga A, Sharma V. Investigation of an outbreak of scrub typhus in Himalayan region of India. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005;58:208–10 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kumar K, Saxena VK, Thomas TG, Lal S. Outbreak investigation of scrub typhus in Himachal Pradesh (India). J Commun Dis. 2004;36:277–83 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dass R, Deka NM, Duwarah SG, Barman H, Hoque R, Mili D, Characteristics of pediatric scrub typhus during an outbreak in the North Eastern region of India: peculiarities in clinical presentation, laboratory findings and complications. Indian J Pediatr. 2011;78:1365–70 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Goswami D, Hing A, Das A, Lyngdoh M. Scrub typhus complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute liver failure: a case report from Northeast India. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17:e644–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Saifudheen K, Kumar KG, Jose J, Veena V, Gafoor VA. First case of scrub typhus with meningoencephalitis from Kerala: an emerging infectious threat. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012;15:141–4.
- Boorugu H, Dinaker M, Roy ND, Jude JA. Reporting a case of scrub typhus from Andhra Pradesh. J Assoc Physicians India. 2010;58:520 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Batra HV. Spotted fevers and typhus fevers in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Res. 2007;126:101–3 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Viswanathan S, Muthu V, Iqbal N, Remalayam B, George T. Scrub typhus meningitis in South India—a retrospective study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e66595 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Althaf A, Kumar KK, Suni KA, Farook MU. A study on scrub typhus in a tertiary care hospital. Kuwait Med J. 2008;3:11–4.
- Khan SA, Dutta P, Khan AM, Topno R, Borah J, Chowdhury P, Re-emergence of scrub typhus in northeast India. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16:e889–90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gurung S, Pradhan J, Bhutia PY. Out break of scrub typhus in North East Himalayan region- Sikkim: an emerging threat. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2013;31:72–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Murdoch DR, Woods CW, Zimmerman MD, Dull PM, Belbase RH, Keenan AJ, The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:670–5 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- World Health Organization. Frequently asked questions: scrub typhus [cited 2013 Oct 1]. http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emerging_diseases/CDS_faq_Scrub_Typhus.pdf
- Enatsu T, Urakami H, Tamura A. Phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains based on the sequence homologies of 56-kDa type-specific antigen genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999;180:163–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ohashi N, Nashimoto H, Ikeda H, Tamura A. Diversity of immunodominant 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: sequence and comparative analyses of the genes encoding TSA homologues from four antigenic variants. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:12728–35 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Manosroi J, Chutipongvivate S, Auwanit W, Manosroi A. Determination and geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi serotypes in Thailand by nested polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;55:185–90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lu HY, Tsai KH, Yu SK, Cheng CH, Yang JS, Su CL, Phylogenetic analysis of 56-kDa type-specific antigen gene of Orientia tsutsugamushi isolates in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83:658–63 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tamura A, Yamamoto N, Koyama S, Makisaka Y, Takahashi M, Urabe K, Epidemiological survey of Orientia tsutsugamushi distribution in field rodents in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and discovery of a new type. Microbiol Immunol. 2001;45:439–46. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Qiang Y, Tamura A, Urakami H, Makisaka Y, Koyama S, Fukuhara M, Phylogenetic characterization of Orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in Taiwan according to the sequence homologies of 56-kDa type-specific antigen genes. Microbiol Immunol. 2003;47:577–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Seong SY, Park SG, Huh MS, Jang WJ, Choi MS, Chang WH, T-track PCR fingerprinting for the rapid detection of genetic polymorphism. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997;152:37–44. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bakshi D, Singhal P, Mahajan SK, Subramaniam P, Tuteja U, Batra HV. Development of a real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of scrub typhus cases in India and evidence of the prevalence of new genotype of O. tsutsugamushi. Acta Trop. 2007;104:63–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Blacksell SD, Luksameetanasan R, Kalambaheti T, Aukkanit N, Paris DH, McGready R, Genetic typing of the 56-kDa type-specific antigen gene of contemporary Orientia tsutsugamushi isolates causing human scrub typhus at two sites in north-eastern and western Thailand. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008;52:335–42. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kim DM, Yun NR, Neupane GP, Shin SH, Ryu SY, Yoon HJ, Differences in clinical features according to Boryoung and Karp genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e22731. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chu H, Park SH, Kim EJ, Hwang KJ, Shim SK, Park S, Phylogenetic clustering of 4 prevalent virulence genes in Orientia tsutsugamushi isolates from human patients. J Microbiol. 2010;48:124–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Page created: December 17, 2014
Page updated: December 17, 2014
Page reviewed: December 17, 2014
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.