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Volume 22, Number 1—January 2016
Letter

Azole Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus in Immunocompromised Patients with Invasive Aspergillosis

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To the Editor: Alanio et al. comment that the prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus disease may differ, depending on location of the hospital where patients are admitted and the patients’ underlying disease (1). Determining local or regional epidemiology, especially in areas where azole-resistant isolates are found in the environment, is indeed important. These isolates commonly harbor the TR34/L98H or TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mechanism. Patients may inhale azole-resistant spores in the air and subsequently develop azole-resistant disease, even when they have never been treated with azoles (2). Although risk for inhalation of azole-resistant Aspergillus spores arguably might be similar for all patients, surveillance of Aspergillus isolates in the Netherlands indicates that resistance rates vary among hospitals. When all A. fumigatus isolates cultured from patients were investigated for azole resistance, resistance rates in the Netherlands ranged from 4.3% to 19.2% in 2013 and 3.8% to 13.3% in 2014 (3). The highest and lowest resistance rates were found in hospitals only 39 km from each other, supporting the observation made by Alanio et al. about variations in prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus disease (1).

More detailed surveillance is required to determine if local treatment guidelines should be reassessed. Two recent studies in the Netherlands investigated the risk of azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis in high-risk populations. One study conducted in a 33-bed tertiary-care university hospital intensive-care unit (ICU) showed that 26% of culture-positive patients with presumed invasive aspergillosis harbored azole-resistant isolates, a proportion 14% higher than that found in other departments in the hospital (p = 0.06) (4). The second study, which investigated azole resistance in the primary routine culture (including respiratory cultures) of 105 ICU and hematology patients, showed that the resistance rate (24.6%) for hematology patients was higher than the rate (4.5%) for ICU patients (5). Other countries have also reported higher prevalence of resistance in high-risk populations than in other populations.

One problem with assessing prevalence of azole resistance is that the recovery of A. fumigatus in culture may vary considerably among different patient groups. A recent audit in our hematology department over the past 5 years indicated that A. fumigatus was cultured in only 35% of patients who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage as part of a diagnostic work-up for pulmonary infection (P.E. Verweij, unpub. data). This outcome indicates that in culture-negative patients, presence of azole resistance will be missed.

In agreement with Alanio et al. (1), recent studies show a need to determine frequency of azole resistance at the hospital level and within different patient groups or departments. Although surveillance of unselected clinical cultures provides resistance rates at a national level and offers information about the epidemiology of resistance mechanisms, regular audits in specific patient populations are warranted to determine the frequency of azole resistance among different risk groups. These audits will enable clinicians to determine whether reassessment of azole monotherapy as a primary treatment option is necessary. Given the low and variable rates of positive cultures, culture-negative patients should also be included in azole-resistance surveillance programs.

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Jan W.M. van der LindenComments to Author , Maiken C. Arendrup, Willem J.G. Melchers, and Paul E. Verweij
Author affiliations: Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.W.M. van der Linden, W.J.G. Melchers, P.E. Verweij); Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C. Arendrup)

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References

  1. Alanio  A, Denis  B, Hamane  S, Raffoux  E, Peffault de Latour  R, Menotti  J, Azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus in immunocompromised patients with invasive aspergillosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:157–8.
  2. van der Linden  JW, Snelders  E, Kampinga  GA, Rijnders  BJ, Mattsson  E, Debets-Ossenkopp  YJ, Clinical implications of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus, the Netherlands, 2007–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:184654. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Verweij  PE. Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. In: NethMap 2015. Consumption of antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial resistance among medically important bacteria in the Netherlands. The Hague: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2015. p. 113–5.
  4. Russcher  A, van Paassen  J, Dofferhoff  PA, Kuijper  EJ. High azole resistance rate of Aspergillus fumigatus at intensive care unit in a Dutch tertiary hospital. Ned Tijdschr Med Microbiol. 2014;22:S121.
  5. Fuhren  J, Voskuil  WS, Boel  CHE, Haas  PJA, Meis  JF, Kusters  JG. High prevalence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from high risk patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:28948. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2201.151308

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Table of Contents – Volume 22, Number 1—January 2016

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Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Jan W.M. van der Linden, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Page created: December 18, 2015
Page updated: December 18, 2015
Page reviewed: December 18, 2015
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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