Volume 25, Number 8—August 2019
Research
Direct Medical Costs of 3 Reportable Travel-Related Infections in Ontario, Canada, 2012–2014
, Laura C. Rosella, Natasha S. Crowcroft, Maureen Horn, Kamran Khan, Laura Holder, and Monali Varia
Table 2
Characteristics of case-patients in study of direct costs of hepatitis A, malaria, and enteric fever and pools of unmatched and matched eligible controls, Peel region, Ontario, Canada, 2012–2014*
| Variable | Case-patients, n = 318 | Prematching |
Postmatching |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls, n = 658,633 | d | Controls, n = 636 | d | |||
| Age, y | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 31 ± 21 | 37 ± 22 | 0.273 | 31 ± 21 | 0.001 | |
| Median (IQR) |
30 (12–47) |
36 (20–53) |
0.268 |
30 (12–47) |
0.001 |
|
| <1 | 0 | 9,694 (1.5) | 0.173 | 0 | 0 | |
| 1–4 | 21 (6.6) | 27,381 (4.2) | 0.109 | 42 (6.6) | 0 | |
| 5–9 | 36 (11.3) | 40,692 (6.2) | 0.183 | 75 (11.8) | 0.015 | |
| 10–14 | 33 (10.4) | 41,235 (6.3) | 0.149 | 63 (9.9) | 0.016 | |
| 15–24 | 43 (13.5) | 93,870 (14.3) | 0.021 | 85 (13.4) | 0.005 | |
| 25–49 | 120 (37.7) | 245,090 (37.2) | 0.011 | 240 (37.7) | 0 | |
| 50–74 | 57 (17.9) | 167,999 (25.5) | 0.185 | 115 (18.1) | 0.004 | |
| >75 |
8 (2.5) |
32,672 (5.0) |
0.129 |
16 (2.5) |
0 |
|
| Sex | ||||||
| F | 123 (38.7) | 321,510 (48.8) | 0.205 | 252 (39.6) | 0.019 | |
| M |
195 (61.3) |
337,123 (51.2) |
0.205 |
384 (60.4) |
0.019 |
|
| Neighborhood income quintile | ||||||
| 1, lowest | 70 (22.0) | 103,751 (15.8) | 0.160 | 133 (20.9) | 0.027 | |
| 2 | 88 (27.7) | 109,728 (16.7) | 0.268 | 169 (26.6) | 0.025 | |
| 3 | 94 (29.6) | 121,601 (18.5) | 0.262 | 203 (31.9) | 0.051 | |
| 4 or 5, highest | 60–70 (S) | 159,348 (24.2) | 0.231 | 131 (20.6) | 0.027 | |
| Missing |
<6 (S) |
356 (0.1) |
0.150 |
0 |
0.160 |
|
| Foreign-born, database | ||||||
| IRCC-PR† | 183 (57.5) | 73,564 (11.2) | 1.119 | 449 (70.6) | 0.275 | |
| iPHIS or IRCC-PR‡ |
227 (71.4) |
73,564 (11.2) |
1.546 |
449 (70.6) |
0.017 |
|
| Years in Canada, no./total (%) | ||||||
| 0–4 | 58/227 (25.6) | 13,535/73,564 (18.4) | 0.170 | 113/449 (25.2) | 0.009 | |
| 5–9 | 56/227 (24.7) | 15,868/73,564 (21.6) | 0.070 | 114/449 (25.4) | 0.017 | |
| >10 |
113/227 (49.8) |
44,161/73,564 (60.0) |
0.210 |
222/449 (49.4) |
0.007 |
|
| Concurrent medical condition§ | ||||||
| 1 | 240 (75.5) | 351,379 (53.3) | 0.475 | 475 (74.7) | 0.018 | |
| 2 | 210 (66.0) | 313,777 (47.6) | 0.378 | 420 (66.0) | 0 | |
| 3 | 178 (56.0) | 286,375 (43.5) | 0.252 | 359 (56.4) | 0.010 | |
| 4 | 28 (8.8) | 33,259 (5.0) | 0.148 | 59 (9.3) | 0.016 | |
| 5 and 9 | 44 (13.8) | 90,116 (13.7) | 0.004 | 118 (18.6) | 0.008 | |
| 6 and 7 | 107 (33.6) | 164,535 (25.0) | 0.191 | 222 (34.9) | 0.007 | |
| 8 | 12 (3.8) | 39,357 (6.0) | 0.102 | 23 (3.6) | 0.008 | |
| 10 | 63 (19.8) | 135,170 (20.5) | 0.018 | 127 (20.0) | 0.004 | |
| 11 | 119 (37.4) | 216,829 (32.9) | 0.094 | 216 (34.0) | 0.072 | |
| 12 | 12 (3.8) | 15,640 (2.4) | 0.081 | 24 (3.8) | 0 | |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. d, standardized difference; iPHIS, integrated Public Health Information System; IQR, interquartile range; IRCC-PR, Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Canada Permanent Resident; S, suppressed per ICES reidentification risk assessment policy.
†Case-patients and controls were designated as foreign-born if they had a record in the IRCC-PR database.
‡Case-patients were designated as foreign-born if country of birth was listed as outside of Canada in iPHIS, or they had a record in the IRCC-PR database; controls were designated as foreign-born if they had a record in the IRCC-PR database.
§Listed by John Hopkins collapsed Aggregated Diagnostic Group: 1 (acute minor), 2 (acute major), 3 (likely to recur), 4 (asthma), 5 and 9 (chronic unstable), 6 and 7 (chronic stable), 8 (eye and dental), 10 (psychosocial), 11 (preventive and administrative), and 12 (pregnancy)..