Volume 28, Number 8—August 2022
Letter
Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus, Jamaica, and New Tools for Surveillance (Response)
In Response: I thank the authors for their favorable commentary (1) related to our recently published article (2). In their commentary the authors note that the low number of chikungunya cases captured through passive surveillance underrepresents the true burden of disease in Jamaica, particularly fatal infections during the 2014 chikungunya epidemic year (3).
Underreporting of chikungunya cases in Jamaica has been acknowledged and has multiple factors (4). Most chikungunya cases are not captured through a passive clinic-based surveillance (5), and in Jamaica most case-patients likely did not seek care at the advanced public health center passive surveillance sites. In addition, real-time PCR, the most sensitive diagnostic test type during acute infection, was highly limited in Jamaica during the 2014 chikungunya epidemic. For these reasons, identification of chikungunya cases through passive surveillance was expected to represent only a small fraction of the population.
It is possible that many excess deaths in Jamaica during 2014 were the result of chikungunya virus infections escaping surveillance. Chikungunya fatalities may be difficult to capture with limited surveillance capacity. Furthermore, chikungunya virus infections, particularly in the elderly, may exacerbate existing comorbidities and lead to extended hospitalization that could result in nosocomial infections; either event may prove fatal and ultimately be considered the cause of death (6).
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica, surveillance systems have been bolstered; the Ministry of Health and Wellness introduced broad community-based testing, many diagnostic laboratories have introduced real-time PCR testing, and the University of the West Indies has introduced next-generation techniques sequencing techniques for whole-genome sequencing of viruses. Further enhancing responses to emerging viruses, the University of the West Indies recently became a member of the Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition that aims to increase virus surveillance and discovery (7). This increased infrastructure will likely improve surveillance for future viral epidemics in Jamaica.
References
- Freitas ARR, Pezzi L, Cavalcanti LPG, Simon F. The complexity of chikungunya and the importance of new tools for epidemiological surveillance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022. 28:1736–37
- Anzinger JJ, Mears CD, Ades AE, Francis K, Phillips Y, Leys YE, et al.; ZIKAction Consortium1,2. ZIKAction Consortium. Antenatal seroprevalence of Zika and chikungunya viruses, Kingston metropolitan area, Jamaica, 2017–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28:473–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Freitas ARR, Gérardin P, Kassar L, Donalisio MR. Excess deaths associated with the 2014 chikungunya epidemic in Jamaica. Pathog Glob Health. 2019;113:27–31. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Duncan J, Gordon-Johnson KA, Tulloch-Reid MK, Cunningham-Myrie C, Ernst K, McMorris N, et al. Chikungunya: important lessons from the Jamaican experience. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41:
e60 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Paul KK, Salje H, Rahman MW, Rahman M, Gurley ES. Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:306–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lima Neto AS, Sousa GS, Nascimento OJ, Castro MC. Chikungunya-attributable deaths: A neglected outcome of a neglected disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:
e0007575 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Averhoff F, Berg M, Rodgers M, Osmanov S, Luo X, Anderson M, et al. The Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition: a unique multisector approach adds to global pandemic preparedness efforts. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;117:356–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Original Publication Date: July 11, 2022
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Table of Contents – Volume 28, Number 8—August 2022
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Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:
Joshua J. Anzinger, Department of Microbiology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
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