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Safety and Immunogenicity of Poultry Vaccine for Protecting Critically Endangered Avian Species against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus, United States

Todd E. Katzner

, Ashleigh V. Blackford, Mary Donahue, Samantha E.J. Gibbs, Julianna Lenoch, Michael Martin, Tonie E. Rocke, J. Jeffrey Root, Darrel Styles, Sunny Cooper, Kristin Dean, Zachary Dvornicky-Raymond, Dominique Keller, Carlos Sanchez, Brett Dunlap, Thomas Grier, Michael P. Jones, Gregory Nitzel, Erin Patrick, Maureen Purcell, Aaron J. Specht, and David L. Suarez

Author affiliation: US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, Idaho, USA (T.E. Katzner, M. Purcell); US Fish and Wildlife Service, California Condor Recovery Program, Vero Beach, Florida, USA (A.V. Blackford); US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA (M. Donahue); US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Wildlife Health Office, Chiefland, Florida, USA (S.E.J. Gibbs); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J. Lenoch); North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA (M. Martin); US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (T.E. Rocke); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins (J.J. Root); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Veterinary Services, Riverdale, Maryland, USA (D. Styles); Carolina Raptor Center, Huntersville, North Carolina, USA (S. Cooper, K. Dean); San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, California, USA (Z. Dvornicky-Raymond); Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Garden, Los Angeles, California, USA (D. Keller); Oregon Zoo, Portland, Oregon, USA (C. Sanchez); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Services, Madison, Tennessee, USA (B. Dunlap); Purdue University School of Health Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA (T. Grier, A.J. Specht); American Eagle Foundation, Kodak, Tennessee, USA (M.P. Jones); Zoetis, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA (G. Nitzel); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Services, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (E. Patrick); US Department of Agriculture, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA (D.L. Suarez)

Main Article

Antibody titers for California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) in a study of the safety and immunogenicity of poultry vaccine for protecting critically endangered avian species from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States*

Vaccine regimen	21 dpv		42 dpv
Vaccine regimen	Mean HI [SD]	Median HI (range)	Mean HI [SD]	Median HI (range)
1-vaccine†
Sex
F, n = 7	32 [23]	24 (16–64)	16 [0]	16 (16–16)
M, n = 3	11 [12]	8 (0–32)	6 [8]	4 (0–16)
W	20.5		7
p value	0.08		0.21
R	0.45		0.26
2-vaccine
Sex
F, n = 4	8 [8]	8 (0–16)	21 [24]	16 (0–64)
M, n = 6	11 [18]	0 (0–32)	32 [0]	32 (32–32)
W	11		6
p value	1.00		0.32
R	0.33		0.24

*Antibody titers were determined by hemagglutination inhibition organized by sex for California condors given a 1057.R1 serial 590088 Avian Influenza Vaccine, H5N1 subtype, reverse genetics-derived, inactivated vaccine (see main text for details on the vaccine and vaccination regimen). HI titers were measured only at 21 and 42 dpv. Titers were compared between sexes at each timepoint with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test (W), a p value (p), and an effect estimate (R). dpv, days postvaccination; HI, hemagglutination inhibition. †For day 42 , HI titers are only available for 2 female and 4 male condors given a single vaccination.

Main Article

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Page updated: April 15, 2025

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