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Volume 31, Supplement—April 2025
SUPPLEMENT ISSUE
Supplement

Establishing Methods to Monitor Influenza (A)H5N1 Virus in Dairy Cattle Milk, Massachusetts, USA

Elyse StachlerComments to Author , Andreas Gnirke, Kyle McMahon, Michael Gomez, Liam Stenson, Charelisse Guevara-Reyes, Hannah Knoll, Toni Hill, Sellers Hill, Katelyn S. Messer, Jon Arizti-Sanz, Fatinah Albeez, Elizabeth Curtis, Pedram Samani, Natalia Wewior, David H. O’Connor, William Vuyk, Sophia E. Khoury, Matthew K. Schnizlein, Nicole C. Rockey, Zachariah Broemmel, Michael Mina, Lawrence C. Madoff, Shirlee Wohl, Lorraine O’Connor, Catherine M. Brown, Al Ozonoff, Daniel J. Park, Bronwyn L. MacInnis1, and Pardis C. Sabeti1
Author affiliation: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (E. Stachler, A. Gnirke, K. McMahon, M. Gomez, L. Stenson, C. Guevara-Reyes, H. Knoll, T. Hill, S. Hill, K.S. Messer, J. Arizti-Sanz, F. Albeez, E. Curtis, P. Samani, N. Wewior, A. Ozonoff, D.J. Park, B.L. MacInnis, P.C. Sabeti); University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA (C. Guevara-Reyes); Harvard University, Cambridge (P. Samani, B.L. MacInnis, P.C. Sabeti); University College London, London, UK (P. Samani); University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (D.H. O’Connor, W. Vuyk); The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA (S.E. Khoury); Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA (M.K. Schnizlein); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA (N.C. Rockey, Z. Broemmel); Immune Observatory, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M. Mina); University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA (L.C. Madoff); Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston (L.C. Madoff, S. Wohl, C.M. Brown); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston (S. Wohl); Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources, Boston (L. O’Connor); Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston (A. Ozonoff); Harvard Medical School, Boston (A. Ozonoff); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA (P.C. Sabeti)

Main Article

Figure 3

Comparison of dPCR and qPCR virus testing on retail milk samples in study of methods to monitor influenza A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle milk, Massachusetts, USA. A) Agreement of positive and negative calls of milk samples between the 2 platforms; B) correlation of H5N1 measured by dPCR concentration compared with qPCR Ct value. For plotting purposes, samples not detected by dPCR were graphed with a dPCR concentration of 0 copies/μL, whereas samples not detected by qPCR were graphed with a Ct value of 40. Error bars indicate +1 SD. Ct, cycle threshold; dPCR, digital PCR; qPCR, quantitative PCR; R2, coefficient of determination.

Figure 3. Comparison of dPCR and qPCR virus testing on retail milk samples in study of methods to monitor influenza A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle milk, Massachusetts, USA. A) Agreement of positive and negative calls of milk samples between the 2 platforms; B) correlation of H5N1 measured by dPCR concentration compared with qPCR Ct value. For plotting purposes, samples not detected by dPCR were graphed with a dPCR concentration of 0 copies/μL, whereas samples not detected by qPCR were graphed with a Ct value of 40. Error bars indicate +1 SD. Ct, cycle threshold; dPCR, digital PCR; qPCR, quantitative PCR; R2, coefficient of determination.

Main Article

1These senior authors contributed equally to this article.

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