Perspective
New Measurable Indicator for Tuberculosis Case Detection
The World Health Organization’s goal for tuberculosis (TB) control is to detect 70% of cases with a new, smear-positive TB test and cure 85% of these cases. The case detection rate is the number of reported cases per 100,000 persons per year divided by the estimated incidence rate per 100,000 per year. TB incidence is uncertain and not measured but estimated; therefore, the case detection rate is uncertain. This article proposes a new indicator to assess case detection: the patient diagnostic rate. The patient diagnostic rate is the rate at which prevalent cases are detected by control programs and can be measured as the number of reported cases per 100,000 persons per year divided by the prevalence per 100,000. Prevalence can be measured directly through national prevalence surveys. Conducting prevalence surveys at 5- to 10-year intervals would allow countries with high rates of disease to determine their case detection performance by using the patient diagnostic rate and determine the effect of control measures.
EID | Borgdorff MW. New Measurable Indicator for Tuberculosis Case Detection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1523-1528. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040349 |
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AMA | Borgdorff MW. New Measurable Indicator for Tuberculosis Case Detection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1523-1528. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040349. |
APA | Borgdorff, M. W. (2004). New Measurable Indicator for Tuberculosis Case Detection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1523-1528. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040349. |
Potential Public Health Impact of New Tuberculosis Vaccines
Developing effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is a high priority. We use mathematical models to predict the potential public health impact of new TB vaccines in high-incidence countries. We show that preexposure vaccines would be almost twice as effective as postexposure vaccines in reducing the number of new infections. Postexposure vaccines would initially have a substantially greater impact, compared to preexposure vaccines, on reducing the number of new cases of disease. However, the effectiveness of postexposure vaccines would diminish over time, whereas the effectiveness of preexposure vaccines would increase. Thus, after 20 to 30 years, post- or preexposure vaccination campaigns would be almost equally effective in terms of cumulative TB cases prevented. Even widely deployed and highly effective (50%–90% efficacy) pre- or postexposure vaccines would only be able to reduce the number of TB cases by one third. We discuss the health policy implications of our analyses.
EID | Ziv E, Daley CL, Blower S. Potential Public Health Impact of New Tuberculosis Vaccines. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1529-1535. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030921 |
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AMA | Ziv E, Daley CL, Blower S. Potential Public Health Impact of New Tuberculosis Vaccines. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1529-1535. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030921. |
APA | Ziv, E., Daley, C. L., & Blower, S. (2004). Potential Public Health Impact of New Tuberculosis Vaccines. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1529-1535. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030921. |
Deaths due to Unknown Foodborne Agents
This study reviews the available evidence on unknown pathogenic agents transmitted in food and examines the methods that have been used to estimate that such agents cause 3,400 annual U.S. deaths per year in the United States. The estimate of deaths was derived from hospital discharge and death certificate data on deaths attributed to gastroenteritis of unknown cause. Fatal illnesses due to unknown foodborne agents do not always involve gastroenteritis, and gastroenteritis may not be accurately diagnosed or reported on hospital charts or death certificates. The death estimate consequently omitted deaths from unknown foodborne agents that do not cause gastroenteritis and likely overstated the number of deaths from agents that cause gastroenteritis. Although the number of deaths from unknown foodborne agents is uncertain, the possible economic cost of these deaths is so large that increased efforts to identify the causal agents are warranted.
EID | Frenzen PD. Deaths due to Unknown Foodborne Agents. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1536-1543. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030403 |
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AMA | Frenzen PD. Deaths due to Unknown Foodborne Agents. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1536-1543. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030403. |
APA | Frenzen, P. D. (2004). Deaths due to Unknown Foodborne Agents. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1536-1543. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030403. |
Synopses
Laboratory Exposures to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are 23- to 29-kDa polypeptides in the bacterial superantigen protein family. Clinical symptoms from intoxication with staphylococcal enterotoxins vary by exposure route. Ingestion results in gastrointestinal symptoms, and inhalation results in fever as well as pulmonary and gastrointestinal symptoms. Review of occupational exposures at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases from 1989 to 2002 showed that three laboratory workers had symptoms after ocular exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Conjunctivitis with localized cutaneous swelling occurred in three persons within 1 to 6 hours after exposure to SEB; two of these persons also had gastrointestinal symptoms, which suggests that such symptoms occurred as a result of exposure by an indirect cutaneous or ocular route. Ocular exposures from SEB resulting in conjunctivitis and localized swelling have not previously been reported. Symptoms from these patients and review of clinical symptoms of 16 laboratory-acquired inhalational SEB intoxications may help healthcare workers evaluate and identify SEB exposures in laboratory personnel at risk.
EID | Rusnak JM, Kortepeter MG, Ulrich R, Poli M, Boudreau E. Laboratory Exposures to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1544-1549. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040250 |
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AMA | Rusnak JM, Kortepeter MG, Ulrich R, et al. Laboratory Exposures to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1544-1549. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040250. |
APA | Rusnak, J. M., Kortepeter, M. G., Ulrich, R., Poli, M., & Boudreau, E. (2004). Laboratory Exposures to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1544-1549. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040250. |
Research
Viral Loads in Clinical Specimens and SARS Manifestations
A retrospective viral load study was performed on clinical specimens from154 patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), prospectively collected during patients’ illness. Viral load in nasopharyngeal aspirates (n = 142) from day 10 to day 15 after onset of symptoms was associated with oxygen desaturation, mechanical ventilation, diarrhea, hepatic dysfunction, and death. Serum viral load (n = 53) was associated with oxygen desaturation, mechanical ventilation, and death. Stool viral load (n = 94) was associated with diarrhea, and urine viral load (n = 111) was associated with abnormal urinalysis results. Viral replications at different sites are important in the pathogenesis of clinical and laboratory abnormalities of SARS.
EID | Hung I, Cheng V, Wu A, Tang B, Chan K, Chu C, et al. Viral Loads in Clinical Specimens and SARS Manifestations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1550-1557. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040058 |
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AMA | Hung I, Cheng V, Wu A, et al. Viral Loads in Clinical Specimens and SARS Manifestations. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1550-1557. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040058. |
APA | Hung, I., Cheng, V., Wu, A., Tang, B., Chan, K., Chu, C....Yuen, K. (2004). Viral Loads in Clinical Specimens and SARS Manifestations. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1550-1557. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040058. |
SARS Antibody Test for Serosurveillance
A peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used for retrospective serosurveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by helping identify undetected chains of disease transmission. The assay was developed by epitope mapping, using synthetic peptides from the spike, membrane, and nucleocapsid protein sequences of SARS-associated coronavirus. The new peptide ELISA consistently detected seroconversion by week 2 of onset of fever, and seropositivity remained through day 100. Specificity was 100% on normal blood donor samples, on serum samples associated with infection by other pathogens, and on an interference panel. The peptide-based test has advantages of safety, standardization, and automation over previous immunoassays for SARS. The assay was used for a retrospective survey of healthy healthcare workers in Taiwan who treated SARS patients. Asymptomatic seroconversions were detected in two hospitals that had nosocomial disease.
EID | Hsueh P, Kao C, Lee C, Chen L, Ho M, Sia C, et al. SARS Antibody Test for Serosurveillance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1558-1562. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040101 |
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AMA | Hsueh P, Kao C, Lee C, et al. SARS Antibody Test for Serosurveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1558-1562. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040101. |
APA | Hsueh, P., Kao, C., Lee, C., Chen, L., Ho, M., Sia, C....Wang, C. Y. (2004). SARS Antibody Test for Serosurveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1558-1562. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040101. |
Experimental Infection of Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with Monkeypox Virus
A proposed new small-animal (rodent) model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of severe orthopoxvirus infections is described. Thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) were infected intraperitoneally and intranasally with monkeypox virus (MPXV). A fulminant illness developed in all animals, and they died 6–9 days after infection. Virus was cultured from the blood and oropharynx several days before death; at necropsy, all of the organs tested contained relatively high titers of MPXV. The major pathologic findings were in the liver, which showed centrilobular necrosis, steatosis, and basophilic inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. Splenic necrosis was also observed, as well as interstitial inflammation in the lungs. The pathologic features of MPXV in ground squirrels is similar to that described with MPXV in macaques and severe variola (smallpox) virus infection in humans.
EID | Tesh RB, Watts DM, Sbrana E, Siirin M, Popov VL, Xiao S. Experimental Infection of Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with Monkeypox Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1563-1567. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040310 |
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AMA | Tesh RB, Watts DM, Sbrana E, et al. Experimental Infection of Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with Monkeypox Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1563-1567. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040310. |
APA | Tesh, R. B., Watts, D. M., Sbrana, E., Siirin, M., Popov, V. L., & Xiao, S. (2004). Experimental Infection of Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with Monkeypox Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1563-1567. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040310. |
Silent Nucleotide Polymorphisms and a Phylogeny for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Much remains unknown of the phylogeny and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an organism that kills 2 million people annually. Using a population-based approach that analyzes multiple loci around the chromosome, we demonstrate that neutral genetic variation in genes associated with antimicrobial drug resistance has sufficient variation to construct a robust phylogenetic tree for M. tuberculosis. The data describe a clonal population with a minimum of four distinct M. tuberculosis lineages, closely related to M. bovis. The lineages are strongly geographically associated. Nucleotide substitutions proven to cause drug resistance are distributed throughout the tree, whereas nonsynonymous base substitutions unrelated to drug resistance have a restricted distribution. The phylogenetic structure is concordant with all the previously described genotypic and phenotypic groupings of M. tuberculosis strains and provides a unifying framework for both epidemiologic and evolutionary analysis of M. tuberculosis populations.
EID | Baker L, Brown T, Maiden M, Drobniewski F. Silent Nucleotide Polymorphisms and a Phylogeny for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1568-1577. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040046 |
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AMA | Baker L, Brown T, Maiden M, et al. Silent Nucleotide Polymorphisms and a Phylogeny for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1568-1577. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040046. |
APA | Baker, L., Brown, T., Maiden, M., & Drobniewski, F. (2004). Silent Nucleotide Polymorphisms and a Phylogeny for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1568-1577. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040046. |
Genetic Divergence and Dispersal of Yellow Fever Virus, Brazil
An analysis of 79 yellow fever virus (YFV) isolates collected from 1935 to 2001 in Brazil showed a single genotype (South America I) circulating in the country, with the exception of a single strain from Rondônia, which represented South America genotype II. Brazilian YFV strains have diverged into two clades; an older clade appears to have become extinct and another has become the dominant lineage in recent years. Pairwise nucleotide diversity between strains ranged from 0% to 7.4%, while amino acid divergence ranged from 0% to 4.6%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated traffic of virus variants through large geographic areas and suggested that migration of infected people may be an important mechanism of virus dispersal. Isolation of vaccine virus from a patient with a fatal case suggests that vaccine-related illness may have been misdiagnosed in the past.
EID | Vasconcelos P, Bryant JE, Travassos da Rosa A, Tesh RB, Rodrigues SG, Barrett A. Genetic Divergence and Dispersal of Yellow Fever Virus, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1578-1584. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040197 |
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AMA | Vasconcelos P, Bryant JE, Travassos da Rosa A, et al. Genetic Divergence and Dispersal of Yellow Fever Virus, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1578-1584. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040197. |
APA | Vasconcelos, P., Bryant, J. E., Travassos da Rosa, A., Tesh, R. B., Rodrigues, S. G., & Barrett, A. (2004). Genetic Divergence and Dispersal of Yellow Fever Virus, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1578-1584. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040197. |
Rotavirus Serotype G9P[8] and Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Children, Northern Australia
During 2001, an outbreak of severe acute gastroenteritis swept through Central and northern Australia and caused serious disruption to health services. We tracked and characterized the rotavirus strain implicated in the outbreak. Comparison of the electropherotypes of outbreak samples suggested that one G9P[8] strain was likely responsible for the outbreak. Samples were obtained from geographically distinct regions of Australia where the epidemic had occurred. The outbreak strains showed identical nucleotide sequences in genes encoding three rotavirus proteins, VP7, VP8, and NSP4, but they were distinct from G9P[8] strains isolated in previous years. Several of the amino acid substitutions on the VP7 and NSP4 proteins were identified in regions known to influence function and may have contributed to the emergence and increased dominance of the outbreak strains. Rotavirus serotype surveillance should continue with methods capable of identifying new and emerging types.
EID | Kirkwood CD, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Barnes G, Bishop R. Rotavirus Serotype G9P[8] and Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Children, Northern Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1593-1600. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040040 |
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AMA | Kirkwood CD, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Barnes G, et al. Rotavirus Serotype G9P[8] and Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Children, Northern Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1593-1600. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040040. |
APA | Kirkwood, C. D., Bogdanovic-Sakran, N., Barnes, G., & Bishop, R. (2004). Rotavirus Serotype G9P[8] and Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Children, Northern Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1593-1600. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040040. |
Foodborne Botulism in the Republic of Georgia
Foodborne botulism is a potentially fatal, paralytic illness that can cause large outbreaks. A possible increase in botulism incidence during 2001 in Georgia prompted this study. We reviewed surveillance data and abstracted records of patients with botulism who were hospitalized from 1980 to 2002. During this period, 879 botulism cases were detected. The median annual incidence increased from 0.3 per 100,000 during 1980 to 1990 to 0.9 per 100,000 during 1991 to 2002. For 706 botulism patients hospitalized from 1980 to 2002, 80% of their cases were attributed to home-preserved vegetables. Surveillance evaluation verified that botulism incidence varied greatly by region. Georgia has the highest nationally reported rate of foodborne botulism in the world. A strategy addressing individual behaviors in the home is needed to improve food safety; developing this strategy requires a deeper understanding of why botulism has increased and varies by region.
EID | Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, Zardiashvili T, Chokheli M, Tarkhashvili N, et al. Foodborne Botulism in the Republic of Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1601-1605. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030806 |
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AMA | Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, et al. Foodborne Botulism in the Republic of Georgia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1601-1605. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030806. |
APA | Varma, J. K., Katsitadze, G., Moiscrafishvili, M., Zardiashvili, T., Chokheli, M., Tarkhashvili, N....Sobel, J. (2004). Foodborne Botulism in the Republic of Georgia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1601-1605. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030806. |
Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000
Foodborne botulism, a potentially lethal neuroparalytic disease, is caused by ingesting preformed Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin. We reviewed surveillance data and reports from 1990 to 2000. Of 263 cases from 160 foodborne botulism events (episode of one or more related cases) in the United States, 103 (39%) cases and 58 events occurred in Alaska. Patients’ median age was 48 years; 154 (59%) were female; the case-fatality rate was 4%. The median number of cases per event was 1 (range 1–17). Toxin type A caused 51% of all cases; toxin type E caused 90% of Alaska cases. A particular food was implicated in 126 (79%) events. In the lower 49 states, a noncommercial food item was implicated in 70 (91%) events, most commonly, home-canned vegetables (44%). Two restaurant-associated outbreaks affected 25 persons. All Alaska cases were attributable to traditional Alaska Native foods. Botulism prevention efforts should be focused on those who preserve food at home, Alaska Natives, and restaurant workers.
EID | Sobel J, Tucker N, Sulka A, McLaughlin J, Maslanka S. Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1606-1611. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030745 |
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AMA | Sobel J, Tucker N, Sulka A, et al. Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1606-1611. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030745. |
APA | Sobel, J., Tucker, N., Sulka, A., McLaughlin, J., & Maslanka, S. (2004). Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1606-1611. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030745. |
Computer Algorithms To Detect Bloodstream Infections
We compared manual and computer-assisted bloodstream infection surveillance for adult inpatients at two hospitals. We identified hospital-acquired, primary, central-venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infections by using five methods: retrospective, manual record review by investigators; prospective, manual review by infection control professionals; positive blood culture plus manual CVC determination; computer algorithms; and computer algorithms and manual CVC determination. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, plus the kappa statistic (κ) between investigator review and other methods, and we correlated infection rates for seven units. The κ value was 0.37 for infection control review, 0.48 for positive blood culture plus manual CVC determination, 0.49 for computer algorithm, and 0.73 for computer algorithm plus manual CVC determination. Unit-specific infection rates, per 1,000 patient days, were 1.0–12.5 by investigator review and 1.4–10.2 by computer algorithm (correlation r = 0.91, p = 0.004). Automated bloodstream infection surveillance with electronic data is an accurate alternative to surveillance with manually collected data.
EID | Trick WE, Zagorski BM, Tokars JI, Vernon MO, Welbel SF, Wisniewski MF, et al. Computer Algorithms To Detect Bloodstream Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1612-1620. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030978 |
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AMA | Trick WE, Zagorski BM, Tokars JI, et al. Computer Algorithms To Detect Bloodstream Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1612-1620. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030978. |
APA | Trick, W. E., Zagorski, B. M., Tokars, J. I., Vernon, M. O., Welbel, S. F., Wisniewski, M. F....Weinstein, R. A. (2004). Computer Algorithms To Detect Bloodstream Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1612-1620. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030978. |
Space-Time Cluster Analysis of Invasive Meningococcal Disease
Clusters are recognized when meningococcal cases of the same phenotypic strain (markers: serogroup, serotype, and subtype) occur in spatial and temporal proximity. The incidence of such clusters was compared to the incidence that would be expected by chance by using space-time nearest-neighbor analysis of 4,887 confirmed invasive meningococcal cases identified in the 9-year surveillance period 1993–2001 in the Netherlands. Clustering beyond chance only occurred among the closest neighboring cases (comparable to secondary cases) and was small (3.1%, 95% confidence interval 2.1%–4.1%).
EID | Hoebe CJ, de Melker HE, Spanjaard L, Dankert J, Nagelkerke N. Space-Time Cluster Analysis of Invasive Meningococcal Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1621-1626. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030992 |
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AMA | Hoebe CJ, de Melker HE, Spanjaard L, et al. Space-Time Cluster Analysis of Invasive Meningococcal Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1621-1626. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030992. |
APA | Hoebe, C. J., de Melker, H. E., Spanjaard, L., Dankert, J., & Nagelkerke, N. (2004). Space-Time Cluster Analysis of Invasive Meningococcal Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1621-1626. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030992. |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999–2002
We explored the variation in proportions of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) between and within countries participating in the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System and temporal trends in its occurrence. This system collects routine antimicrobial susceptibility tests for S. aureus. We examined data collected from January 1999 through December 2002 (50,759 isolates from 495 hospitals in 26 countries). MRSA prevalence varied almost 100-fold, from <1% in northern Europe to >40% in southern and western Europe. MRSA proportions significantly increased in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and decreased in Slovenia. Within countries, MRSA proportions varied between hospitals with highest variance in countries with a prevalence of 5% to 20%. The observed trends should stimulate initiatives to control MRSA at national, regional, and hospital levels. The large differences between hospitals indicate that efforts may be most effective at regional and hospital levels.
EID | Tiemersma EW, Bronzwaer SL, Lyytikäinen O, Degener JE, Schrijnemakers P, Bruinsma N, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999–2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1627-1634. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040069 |
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AMA | Tiemersma EW, Bronzwaer SL, Lyytikäinen O, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999–2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1627-1634. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040069. |
APA | Tiemersma, E. W., Bronzwaer, S. L., Lyytikäinen, O., Degener, J. E., Schrijnemakers, P., Bruinsma, N....Grundmann, H. (2004). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999–2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1627-1634. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040069. |
Outbreak of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Los Santos, Panama, 1999–2000
An outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome occurred in the province of Los Santos, Panama, in late 1999 and early 2000. Eleven cases were identified; 9 were confirmed by serology. Three cases were fatal; however, no confirmed case-patient died. Case-neighborhood serologic surveys resulted in an overall hantavirus antibody prevalence of 13% among household and neighborhood members from the outbreak foci. Epidemiologic investigations did not suggest person-to-person transmission of hantavirus infection. By use of Sin Nombre virus antigen, hantavirus antibodies were detected in Oligoryzomys fulvescens and Zygodontomys brevicauda cherriei. This outbreak resulted in the first documented cases of human hantavirus infections in Central America.
EID | Bayard V, Kitsutani PT, Barria EO, Ruedas LA, Tinnin DS, Muñoz C, et al. Outbreak of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Los Santos, Panama, 1999–2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1635-1642. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040143 |
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AMA | Bayard V, Kitsutani PT, Barria EO, et al. Outbreak of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Los Santos, Panama, 1999–2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1635-1642. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040143. |
APA | Bayard, V., Kitsutani, P. T., Barria, E. O., Ruedas, L. A., Tinnin, D. S., Muñoz, C....Peters, C. J. (2004). Outbreak of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Los Santos, Panama, 1999–2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1635-1642. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040143. |
Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in Ixodes Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Madeira Island and Setúbal District, Mainland Portugal
A total of 278 Ixodes ticks, collected from Madeira Island and Setúbal District, mainland Portugal, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Six (4%) of 142 Ixodes ricinus nymphs collected in Madeira Island, and 1 nymph and 1 male (2%) of 93 I. ventalloi collected in Setúbal District tested positive for A. phagocytophilum msp2 genes or rrs. Infection was not detected among 43 I. ricinus on mainland Portugal. All PCR products were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing to be identical or to be most closely related to A. phagocytophilum. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of A. phagocytophilum in ticks from Setúbal District, mainland Portugal, and the first documentation of Anaplasma infection in I. ventalloi. Moreover, these findings confirm the persistence of A. phagocytophilum in Madeira Island’s I. ricinus.
EID | Santos AS, Santos-Silva MM, Almeida VC, Bacellar F, Dumler JS. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in Ixodes Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Madeira Island and Setúbal District, Mainland Portugal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1643-1648. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040276 |
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AMA | Santos AS, Santos-Silva MM, Almeida VC, et al. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in Ixodes Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Madeira Island and Setúbal District, Mainland Portugal. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1643-1648. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040276. |
APA | Santos, A. S., Santos-Silva, M. M., Almeida, V. C., Bacellar, F., & Dumler, J. S. (2004). Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in Ixodes Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Madeira Island and Setúbal District, Mainland Portugal. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1643-1648. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040276. |
Genotyping, Orientalis-like Yersinia pestis, and Plague Pandemics
Three pandemics have been attributed to plague in the last 1,500 years. Yersinia pestis caused the third, and its DNA was found in human remains from the second. The Antiqua biovar of Y. pestis may have caused the first pandemic; the other two biovars, Medievalis and Orientalis, may have caused the second and third pandemics, respectively. To test this hypothesis, we designed an original genotyping system based on intergenic spacer sequencing called multiple spacer typing (MST). We found that MST differentiated every biovar in a collection of 36 Y. pestis isolates representative of the three biovars. When MST was applied to dental pulp collected from remains of eight persons who likely died in the first and second pandemics, this system identified original sequences that matched those of Y. pestis Orientalis. These data indicate that Y. pestis caused cases of Justinian plague. The two historical plague pandemics were likely caused by Orientalis-like strains.
EID | Drancourt M, Roux V, Dang L, Tran-Hung L, Castex D, Chenal-Francisque V, et al. Genotyping, Orientalis-like Yersinia pestis, and Plague Pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1585-1592. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030933 |
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AMA | Drancourt M, Roux V, Dang L, et al. Genotyping, Orientalis-like Yersinia pestis, and Plague Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1585-1592. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030933. |
APA | Drancourt, M., Roux, V., Dang, L., Tran-Hung, L., Castex, D., Chenal-Francisque, V....Raoult, D. (2004). Genotyping, Orientalis-like Yersinia pestis, and Plague Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1585-1592. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030933. |
Dispatches
Year-round West Nile Virus Activity, Gulf Coast Region, Texas and Louisiana
West Nile virus (WNV) was detected in 11 dead birds and two mosquito pools collected in east Texas and southern Louisiana during surveillance studies in the winter of 2003 to 2004. These findings suggest that WNV is active throughout the year in this region of the United States.
EID | Tesh RB, Parsons R, Siirin M, Randle Y, Sargent C, Guzman H, et al. Year-round West Nile Virus Activity, Gulf Coast Region, Texas and Louisiana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1649-1652. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040203 |
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AMA | Tesh RB, Parsons R, Siirin M, et al. Year-round West Nile Virus Activity, Gulf Coast Region, Texas and Louisiana. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1649-1652. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040203. |
APA | Tesh, R. B., Parsons, R., Siirin, M., Randle, Y., Sargent, C., Guzman, H....Zerinque, B. (2004). Year-round West Nile Virus Activity, Gulf Coast Region, Texas and Louisiana. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1649-1652. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040203. |
SARS-CoV Antibody Prevalence in All Hong Kong Patient Contacts
A total of 1,068 asymptomatic close contacts of patients with severe acute respiratory (SARS) from the 2003 epidemic in Hong Kong were serologically tested, and 2 (0.19%) were positive for SARS coronavirus immunoglobulin G antibody. SARS rarely manifests as a subclinical infection, and at present, wild animal species are the only important natural reservoirs of the virus.
EID | Leung GM, Chung P, Tsang T, Lim W, Chan SK, Chau P, et al. SARS-CoV Antibody Prevalence in All Hong Kong Patient Contacts. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1653-1656. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040155 |
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AMA | Leung GM, Chung P, Tsang T, et al. SARS-CoV Antibody Prevalence in All Hong Kong Patient Contacts. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1653-1656. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040155. |
APA | Leung, G. M., Chung, P., Tsang, T., Lim, W., Chan, S. K., Chau, P....Hedley, A. J. (2004). SARS-CoV Antibody Prevalence in All Hong Kong Patient Contacts. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1653-1656. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040155. |
Yellow Fever Virus Infectivity for Bolivian Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
The absence of urban yellow fever virus (YFV) in Bolivian cities has been attributed to the lack of competent urban mosquito vectors. Experiments with Aedes aegypti from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, demonstrated infection (100%), dissemination (20%), and transmission of a Bolivian YVF strain (CENETROP-322).
EID | Mutebi J, Gianella A, Travassos da Rosa A, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, Higgs S. Yellow Fever Virus Infectivity for Bolivian Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1657-1660. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.031124 |
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AMA | Mutebi J, Gianella A, Travassos da Rosa A, et al. Yellow Fever Virus Infectivity for Bolivian Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1657-1660. doi:10.3201/eid1009.031124. |
APA | Mutebi, J., Gianella, A., Travassos da Rosa, A., Tesh, R. B., Barrett, A. D., & Higgs, S. (2004). Yellow Fever Virus Infectivity for Bolivian Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1657-1660. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.031124. |
Typing of Borrelia Relapsing Fever Group Strains
Partial sequencing of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer showed two to four genotypes each for Borrelia hermsii and B. turicatae, both relapsing fever agents transmitted by argasid ticks, and for B. miyamotoi and B. lonestari, transmitted by ixodid ticks. Field surveys of Ixodes ticks in Connecticut and Sweden showed limited local diversity for B. miyamotoi.
EID | Bunikis J, Tsao JI, Garpmo U, Berglund J, Fish D, Barbour AG. Typing of Borrelia Relapsing Fever Group Strains. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1661-1664. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040236 |
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AMA | Bunikis J, Tsao JI, Garpmo U, et al. Typing of Borrelia Relapsing Fever Group Strains. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1661-1664. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040236. |
APA | Bunikis, J., Tsao, J. I., Garpmo, U., Berglund, J., Fish, D., & Barbour, A. G. (2004). Typing of Borrelia Relapsing Fever Group Strains. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1661-1664. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040236. |
Salmonella enterica Serotype Uganda Infection in New York City and Chicago
Outbreaks associated with distinct strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Uganda, a rare serotype, occurred in New York City and Chicago during the summer of 2001. Both outbreaks were linked to eating ready-to-eat pork products. This serotype may emerge as a more frequent cause of human infections.
EID | Jones RC, Reddy V, Kornstein L, Fernandez JR, Stavinsky F, Agasan A, et al. Salmonella enterica Serotype Uganda Infection in New York City and Chicago. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1665-1667. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030713 |
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AMA | Jones RC, Reddy V, Kornstein L, et al. Salmonella enterica Serotype Uganda Infection in New York City and Chicago. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1665-1667. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030713. |
APA | Jones, R. C., Reddy, V., Kornstein, L., Fernandez, J. R., Stavinsky, F., Agasan, A....Gerber, S. I. (2004). Salmonella enterica Serotype Uganda Infection in New York City and Chicago. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1665-1667. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030713. |
Yellow Fever Outbreak, Southern Sudan, 2003
In May 2003, an outbreak of fatal hemorrhagic fever, caused by yellow fever virus, occurred in southern Sudan. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus belonged to the East African genotype, which supports the contention that yellow fever is endemic in East Africa with the potential to cause large outbreaks in humans.
EID | Onyango CO, Grobbelaar AA, Gibson GV, Sang RC, Sow A, Swanepoel R, et al. Yellow Fever Outbreak, Southern Sudan, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1668-1670. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030727 |
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AMA | Onyango CO, Grobbelaar AA, Gibson GV, et al. Yellow Fever Outbreak, Southern Sudan, 2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1668-1670. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030727. |
APA | Onyango, C. O., Grobbelaar, A. A., Gibson, G. V., Sang, R. C., Sow, A., Swanepoel, R....Burt, F. J. (2004). Yellow Fever Outbreak, Southern Sudan, 2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1668-1670. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030727. |
Acinetobacter baumannii in Human Body Louse
While we were isolating Bartonella quintana from body lice, 40 Acinetobacter baumannii strains were also isolated and genotyped. One clone was unique and the other was ampicillin susceptible. A. baumannii DNA was later detected in 21% of 622 lice collected worldwide. These findings show an A. baumannii epidemic in human body lice.
EID | La Scola B, Raoult D. Acinetobacter baumannii in Human Body Louse. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1671-1673. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040242 |
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AMA | La Scola B, Raoult D. Acinetobacter baumannii in Human Body Louse. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1671-1673. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040242. |
APA | La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2004). Acinetobacter baumannii in Human Body Louse. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1671-1673. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040242. |
Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis, Taiwan, 2000–2003
Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis is a highly invasive pathogen that infects humans and causes systemic infections that require antimicrobial therapy. Surveillance in Taiwan showed that fluoroquinolone resistance in S. Choleraesuis markedly increased from 2000 to 2003, reaching approximately 70% in 2003.
EID | Chiu C, Wu T, Su L, Liu J, Chu C. Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis, Taiwan, 2000–2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1674-1676. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030596 |
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AMA | Chiu C, Wu T, Su L, et al. Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis, Taiwan, 2000–2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1674-1676. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030596. |
APA | Chiu, C., Wu, T., Su, L., Liu, J., & Chu, C. (2004). Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis, Taiwan, 2000–2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1674-1676. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030596. |
Barriers to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Autopsies, California
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) surveillance relies on autopsy and neuropathologic evaluation. The 1990–2000 CJD autopsy rate in California was 21%. Most neurologists were comfortable diagnosing CJD (83%), but few pathologists felt comfortable diagnosing CJD (35%) or performing autopsy (29%). Addressing obstacles to autopsy is necessary to improve CJD surveillance.
EID | Louie JK, Gavali SS, Belay ED, Trevejo R, Hammond LH, Schonberger LB, et al. Barriers to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Autopsies, California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1677-1680. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040066 |
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AMA | Louie JK, Gavali SS, Belay ED, et al. Barriers to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Autopsies, California. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1677-1680. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040066. |
APA | Louie, J. K., Gavali, S. S., Belay, E. D., Trevejo, R., Hammond, L. H., Schonberger, L. B....Vugia, D. J. (2004). Barriers to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Autopsies, California. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1677-1680. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040066. |
Leishmaniasis in Refugee and Local Pakistani Populations
The epidemiology of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis was investigated in northwest Pakistan. Results suggested similar patterns of endemicity in both Afghan refugee and Pakistani populations and highlighted risk factors and household clustering of disease.
EID | Brooker S, Mohammed N, Adil K, Agha S, Reithinger R, Rowland M, et al. Leishmaniasis in Refugee and Local Pakistani Populations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1681-1684. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040179 |
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AMA | Brooker S, Mohammed N, Adil K, et al. Leishmaniasis in Refugee and Local Pakistani Populations. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1681-1684. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040179. |
APA | Brooker, S., Mohammed, N., Adil, K., Agha, S., Reithinger, R., Rowland, M....Kolaczinski, J. (2004). Leishmaniasis in Refugee and Local Pakistani Populations. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1681-1684. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040179. |
Botulism Type E Outbreak Associated with Eating a Beached Whale, Alaska
We report an outbreak of botulism that occurred in July 2002 in a group of 12 Alaskan Yu’pik Eskimos who ate blubber and skin from a beached beluga whale. Botulism death rates among Alaska Natives have declined in the last 20 years, yet incidence has increased.
EID | Mclaughlin JB, Sobel J, Lynn T, Funk E, Middaugh JP. Botulism Type E Outbreak Associated with Eating a Beached Whale, Alaska. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1685-1687. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040131 |
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AMA | Mclaughlin JB, Sobel J, Lynn T, et al. Botulism Type E Outbreak Associated with Eating a Beached Whale, Alaska. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1685-1687. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040131. |
APA | Mclaughlin, J. B., Sobel, J., Lynn, T., Funk, E., & Middaugh, J. P. (2004). Botulism Type E Outbreak Associated with Eating a Beached Whale, Alaska. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1685-1687. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040131. |
Letters
Toronto Emergency Medical Services and SARS
EID | Silverman A, Simor A, Loutfy MR. Toronto Emergency Medical Services and SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1688-1689. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040170 |
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AMA | Silverman A, Simor A, Loutfy MR. Toronto Emergency Medical Services and SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1688-1689. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040170. |
APA | Silverman, A., Simor, A., & Loutfy, M. R. (2004). Toronto Emergency Medical Services and SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1688-1689. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040170. |
SARS during Pregnancy, United States
EID | Stockman LA, Lowther SA, Coy K, Saw J, Parashar UD. SARS during Pregnancy, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1689-1690. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040244 |
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AMA | Stockman LA, Lowther SA, Coy K, et al. SARS during Pregnancy, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1689-1690. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040244. |
APA | Stockman, L. A., Lowther, S. A., Coy, K., Saw, J., & Parashar, U. D. (2004). SARS during Pregnancy, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1689-1690. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040244. |
Eosinophilic Pleural Effusion in Gnathostomiasis
EID | Parola P, Bordmann G, Brouqui P, Delmont J. Eosinophilic Pleural Effusion in Gnathostomiasis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1690-1691. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030671 |
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AMA | Parola P, Bordmann G, Brouqui P, et al. Eosinophilic Pleural Effusion in Gnathostomiasis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1690-1691. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030671. |
APA | Parola, P., Bordmann, G., Brouqui, P., & Delmont, J. (2004). Eosinophilic Pleural Effusion in Gnathostomiasis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1690-1691. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030671. |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pakistan, 1996–2003
EID | Butt T, Ahmad RN, Usman M, Mahmood A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pakistan, 1996–2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1691-1692. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030844 |
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AMA | Butt T, Ahmad RN, Usman M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pakistan, 1996–2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1691-1692. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030844. |
APA | Butt, T., Ahmad, R. N., Usman, M., & Mahmood, A. (2004). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pakistan, 1996–2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1691-1692. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030844. |
Borrelia valaisiana in Cerebrospinal Fluid
EID | Diza E, Papa A, Vezyri E, Tsounis S, Milonas I, Antoniadis A. Borrelia valaisiana in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1692-1693. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030439 |
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AMA | Diza E, Papa A, Vezyri E, et al. Borrelia valaisiana in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1692-1693. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030439. |
APA | Diza, E., Papa, A., Vezyri, E., Tsounis, S., Milonas, I., & Antoniadis, A. (2004). Borrelia valaisiana in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1692-1693. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030439. |
Baylisascaris procyonis in California
EID | Moore L, Ash L, Sorvillo FJ, Berlin O. Baylisascaris procyonis in California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1693-1694. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040034 |
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AMA | Moore L, Ash L, Sorvillo FJ, et al. Baylisascaris procyonis in California. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1693-1694. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040034. |
APA | Moore, L., Ash, L., Sorvillo, F. J., & Berlin, O. (2004). Baylisascaris procyonis in California. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1693-1694. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040034. |
Streptococcus iniae Discitis in Singapore
EID | Koh TH, Kurup A, Chen J. Streptococcus iniae Discitis in Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1694-1696. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040029 |
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AMA | Koh TH, Kurup A, Chen J. Streptococcus iniae Discitis in Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1694-1696. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040029. |
APA | Koh, T. H., Kurup, A., & Chen, J. (2004). Streptococcus iniae Discitis in Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1694-1696. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040029. |
Rubella Epidemic Strain, Greece, 1999
EID | Papa A, Gioula G, Antoniadis A, Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina V. Rubella Epidemic Strain, Greece, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1696-1697. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040117 |
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AMA | Papa A, Gioula G, Antoniadis A, et al. Rubella Epidemic Strain, Greece, 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1696-1697. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040117. |
APA | Papa, A., Gioula, G., Antoniadis, A., & Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina, V. (2004). Rubella Epidemic Strain, Greece, 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1696-1697. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040117. |
CTX-M β-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Long-term Care Facilities, France
EID | Kassis-Chikhani N, Vimont S, Asselat K, Trivalle C, Minassian B, Sengelin C, et al. CTX-M β-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Long-term Care Facilities, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1697-1698. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030969 |
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AMA | Kassis-Chikhani N, Vimont S, Asselat K, et al. CTX-M β-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Long-term Care Facilities, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1697-1698. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030969. |
APA | Kassis-Chikhani, N., Vimont, S., Asselat, K., Trivalle, C., Minassian, B., Sengelin, C....Arlet, G. (2004). CTX-M β-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Long-term Care Facilities, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1697-1698. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030969. |
Do Antiborrelial Antibodies Suggest Lyme Disease in Cuba?
EID | Rodríguez I, Fernández C, Cinco M, Pedroso R, Fuentes O. Do Antiborrelial Antibodies Suggest Lyme Disease in Cuba?. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1698-1700. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.031048 |
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AMA | Rodríguez I, Fernández C, Cinco M, et al. Do Antiborrelial Antibodies Suggest Lyme Disease in Cuba?. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1698-1700. doi:10.3201/eid1009.031048. |
APA | Rodríguez, I., Fernández, C., Cinco, M., Pedroso, R., & Fuentes, O. (2004). Do Antiborrelial Antibodies Suggest Lyme Disease in Cuba?. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1698-1700. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.031048. |
Human Herpesvirus 6 Encephalomyelitis
EID | Soto-Hernandez JL, Denes E, Ranger-Rogez S. Human Herpesvirus 6 Encephalomyelitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1700-1702. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040365 |
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AMA | Soto-Hernandez JL, Denes E, Ranger-Rogez S. Human Herpesvirus 6 Encephalomyelitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1700-1702. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040365. |
APA | Soto-Hernandez, J. L., Denes, E., & Ranger-Rogez, S. (2004). Human Herpesvirus 6 Encephalomyelitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1700-1702. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040365. |
Vancomycin Heteroresistance in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Taiwan
EID | Wang J, Tseng S, Hsueh P, Hiramatsu K. Vancomycin Heteroresistance in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1702-1704. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040239 |
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AMA | Wang J, Tseng S, Hsueh P, et al. Vancomycin Heteroresistance in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1702-1704. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040239. |
APA | Wang, J., Tseng, S., Hsueh, P., & Hiramatsu, K. (2004). Vancomycin Heteroresistance in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1702-1704. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040239. |
Books and Media
A Clinician’s Dictionary of Pathogenic Microorganisms
EID | Raoult D. A Clinician’s Dictionary of Pathogenic Microorganisms. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1705. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040540 |
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AMA | Raoult D. A Clinician’s Dictionary of Pathogenic Microorganisms. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1705. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040540. |
APA | Raoult, D. (2004). A Clinician’s Dictionary of Pathogenic Microorganisms. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1705. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040540. |
Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease
EID | Wade TJ. Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1705-1706. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040566 |
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AMA | Wade TJ. Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1705-1706. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040566. |
APA | Wade, T. J. (2004). Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1705-1706. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040566. |
Conference Summaries
Transnational Issues in Quarantine
EID | DiGiovanni C, Conley J, Hamon D, Pimsler M. Transnational Issues in Quarantine. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1707. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040281 |
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AMA | DiGiovanni C, Conley J, Hamon D, et al. Transnational Issues in Quarantine. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1707. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040281. |
APA | DiGiovanni, C., Conley, J., Hamon, D., & Pimsler, M. (2004). Transnational Issues in Quarantine. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1707. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040281. |
Corrections
Correction, Vol. 10, No. 7
EID | Correction, Vol. 10, No. 7. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1708. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.c11009 |
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AMA | Correction, Vol. 10, No. 7. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1708. doi:10.3201/eid1009.c11009. |
APA | (2004). Correction, Vol. 10, No. 7. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1708. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.c11009. |
Correction, Vol. 10, No. 8
EID | Correction, Vol. 10, No. 8. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1708. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.c21009 |
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AMA | Correction, Vol. 10, No. 8. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1708. doi:10.3201/eid1009.c21009. |
APA | (2004). Correction, Vol. 10, No. 8. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1708. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.c21009. |
About the Cover
Measurable Indicators and Public Health
EID | Potter P. Measurable Indicators and Public Health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1709-1710. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.ac1009 |
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AMA | Potter P. Measurable Indicators and Public Health. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1709-1710. doi:10.3201/eid1009.ac1009. |
APA | Potter, P. (2004). Measurable Indicators and Public Health. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1709-1710. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.ac1009. |
News and Notes
Ethics and Epidemics
EID | Baker R, Shelton W, Strosberg M. Ethics and Epidemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1707-1708. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040407 |
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AMA | Baker R, Shelton W, Strosberg M. Ethics and Epidemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1707-1708. doi:10.3201/eid1009.040407. |
APA | Baker, R., Shelton, W., & Strosberg, M. (2004). Ethics and Epidemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9), 1707-1708. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040407. |