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Issue Cover for Volume 30, Number 1—January 2024

Volume 30, Number 1—January 2024

[PDF - 43.13 MB - 220 pages]

Perspective

Efficacy of Unregulated Minimum Risk Products to Kill and Repel Ticks [PDF - 275 KB - 7 pages]
L. Eisen

Human-biting ticks threaten public health in the United States. Registration by the Environmental Protection Agency of products to kill host-seeking ticks or repel ticks contacting humans is indicative of their safety and effectiveness. Unregulated minimum risk products, exempt from Environmental Protection Agency registration and often based on botanical oils, are proliferating in the marketplace, but there is concern about their effectiveness to kill and repel ticks. Evaluations of such products are limited in the published literature. A review showed considerable variability among minimum risk products to kill host-seeking blacklegged ticks, with effectiveness similar to chemical pesticide products for some minimum risk products but minimal impact on the ticks for other products. Evaluations of minimum risk tick repellents have typically focused on individual active ingredients rather than formulated products, which often combine multiple active ingredients. Consumers should be aware that effectiveness to kill and repel ticks can differ among unregulated minimum risk products.

EID Eisen L. Efficacy of Unregulated Minimum Risk Products to Kill and Repel Ticks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230813
AMA Eisen L. Efficacy of Unregulated Minimum Risk Products to Kill and Repel Ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):1-7. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230813.
APA Eisen, L. (2024). Efficacy of Unregulated Minimum Risk Products to Kill and Repel Ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230813.
Synopses

Medscape CME Activity
Auritidibacter ignavus, an Emerging Pathogen Associated with Chronic Ear Infections [PDF - 1.54 MB - 5 pages]
S. Roth et al.

We describe detection of the previously rarely reported gram-positive bacterium Auritidibacter ignavus in 3 cases of chronic ear infections in Germany. In all 3 cases, the patients had refractory otorrhea. Although their additional symptoms varied, all patients had an ear canal stenosis and A. ignavus detected in microbiologic swab specimens. A correct identification of A. ignavus in the clinical microbiology laboratory is hampered by the inability to identify it by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Also, the bacterium might easily be overlooked because of its morphologic similarity to bacterial species of the resident skin flora. We conclude that a high index of suspicion is warranted to identify A. ignavus and that it should be particularly considered in patients with chronic external otitis who do not respond clinically to quinolone ear drop therapy.

EID Roth S, Linxweiler M, Rehner J, Schmartz G, Becker SL, Kühn J. Auritidibacter ignavus, an Emerging Pathogen Associated with Chronic Ear Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):8-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230385
AMA Roth S, Linxweiler M, Rehner J, et al. Auritidibacter ignavus, an Emerging Pathogen Associated with Chronic Ear Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):8-12. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230385.
APA Roth, S., Linxweiler, M., Rehner, J., Schmartz, G., Becker, S. L., & Kühn, J. (2024). Auritidibacter ignavus, an Emerging Pathogen Associated with Chronic Ear Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230385.
Research

Incidence of Legionnaires’ Disease among Travelers Visiting Hotels in Germany, 2015–2019 [PDF - 917 KB - 7 pages]
U. Buchholz et al.

We determined whether the incidence rates of travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease (TALD) in hotels in Germany increased after a previous occurrence and whether control measures required by the European Legionnaires’ Disease Surveillance Network after a cluster (>2 cases within 2 years) restored the rate to baseline. We analyzed TALD surveillance data from Germany during 2015–2019; a total of 307 TALD cases (163 domestic, 144 nondomestic) in hotels were reported. The incidence rate ratio was 5.5 (95% CI 3.6–7.9) for a second case and 25 (95% CI 11–50) for a third case after a cluster had occurred, suggesting that control measures initiated after the occurrence of TALD clusters might be inadequate to restore the incidence rate to baseline. Our findings indicate that substantial LD preventive measures should be explored by hotels or other accommodations after the first TALD case occurs to reduce the risk for future infections.

EID Buchholz U, Brodhun B, Lehfeld A. Incidence of Legionnaires’ Disease among Travelers Visiting Hotels in Germany, 2015–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):13-19. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231064
AMA Buchholz U, Brodhun B, Lehfeld A. Incidence of Legionnaires’ Disease among Travelers Visiting Hotels in Germany, 2015–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):13-19. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231064.
APA Buchholz, U., Brodhun, B., & Lehfeld, A. (2024). Incidence of Legionnaires’ Disease among Travelers Visiting Hotels in Germany, 2015–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231064.

Medscape CME Activity
Early-Onset Infection Caused by Escherichia coli Sequence Type 1193 in Late Preterm and Full-Term Neonates [PDF - 1.35 MB - 9 pages]
C. Malaure et al.

Using whole-genome sequencing, we characterized Escherichia coli strains causing early-onset sepsis (EOS) in 32 neonatal cases from a 2019–2021 prospective multicenter study in France and compared them to E. coli strains collected from vaginal swab specimens from women in third-trimester gestation. We observed no major differences in phylogenetic groups or virulence profiles between the 2 collections. However, sequence type (ST) analysis showed the presence of 6/32 (19%) ST1193 strains causing EOS, the same frequency as in the highly virulent clonal group ST95. Three ST1193 strains caused meningitis, and 3 harbored extended-spectrum β-lactamase. No ST1193 strains were isolated from vaginal swab specimens. Emerging ST1193 appears to be highly prevalent, virulent, and antimicrobial resistant in neonates. However, the physiopathology of EOS caused by ST1193 has not yet been elucidated. Clinicians should be aware of the possible presence of E. coli ST1193 in prenatal and neonatal contexts and provide appropriate monitoring and treatment.

EID Malaure C, Geslain G, Birgy A, Bidet P, Poilane I, Allain M, et al. Early-Onset Infection Caused by Escherichia coli Sequence Type 1193 in Late Preterm and Full-Term Neonates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):20-28. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230851
AMA Malaure C, Geslain G, Birgy A, et al. Early-Onset Infection Caused by Escherichia coli Sequence Type 1193 in Late Preterm and Full-Term Neonates. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):20-28. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230851.
APA Malaure, C., Geslain, G., Birgy, A., Bidet, P., Poilane, I., Allain, M....Bonacorsi, S. (2024). Early-Onset Infection Caused by Escherichia coli Sequence Type 1193 in Late Preterm and Full-Term Neonates. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230851.

Molecular Evolution and Increasing Macrolide Resistance of Bordetella pertussis, Shanghai, China, 2016–2022 [PDF - 3.48 MB - 10 pages]
P. Fu et al.

Resurgence and spread of macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis (MRBP) threaten global public health. We collected 283 B. pertussis isolates during 2016–2022 in Shanghai, China, and conducted 23S rRNA gene A2047G mutation detection, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, and virulence genotyping analysis. We performed whole-genome sequencing on representative strains. We detected pertussis primarily in infants (0–1 years of age) before 2020 and older children (>5–10 years of age) after 2020. The major genotypes were ptxP1/prn1/fhaB3/ptxA1/ptxC1/fim2–1/fim3–1 (48.7%) and ptxP3/prn2/fhaB1/ptxA1/ptxC2/fim2-1/fim3-1 (47.7%). MRBP increased remarkably from 2016 (36.4%) to 2022 (97.2%). All MRBPs before 2020 harbored ptxP1, and 51.4% belonged to multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis type (MT) 195, whereas ptxP3-MRBP increased from 0% before 2020 to 66.7% after 2020, and all belonged to MT28. MT28 ptxP3-MRBP emerged only after 2020 and replaced the resident MT195 ptxP1-MRBP, revealing that 2020 was a watershed in the transformation of MRBP.

EID Fu P, Zhou J, Yang C, Nijiati Y, Zhou L, Yan G, et al. Molecular Evolution and Increasing Macrolide Resistance of Bordetella pertussis, Shanghai, China, 2016–2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):29-38. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221588
AMA Fu P, Zhou J, Yang C, et al. Molecular Evolution and Increasing Macrolide Resistance of Bordetella pertussis, Shanghai, China, 2016–2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):29-38. doi:10.3201/eid3001.221588.
APA Fu, P., Zhou, J., Yang, C., Nijiati, Y., Zhou, L., Yan, G....Wang, C. (2024). Molecular Evolution and Increasing Macrolide Resistance of Bordetella pertussis, Shanghai, China, 2016–2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221588.

Disease-Associated Streptococcus pneumoniae Genetic Variation [PDF - 3.55 MB - 11 pages]
S. Yang et al.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that causes substantial illness and death among children worldwide. The genetic backgrounds of pneumococci that cause infection versus asymptomatic carriage vary substantially. To determine the evolutionary mechanisms of opportunistic pathogenicity, we conducted a genomic surveillance study in China. We collected 783 S. pneumoniae isolates from infected and asymptomatic children. By using a 2-stage genomewide association study process, we compared genomic differences between infection and carriage isolates to address genomic variation associated with pathogenicity. We identified 8 consensus k-mers associated with adherence, antimicrobial resistance, and immune modulation, which were unevenly distributed in the infection isolates. Classification accuracy of the best k-mer predictor for S. pneumoniae infection was good, giving a simple target for predicting pathogenic isolates. Our findings suggest that S. pneumoniae pathogenicity is complex and multifactorial, and we provide genetic evidence for precise targeted interventions.

EID Yang S, Chen J, Fu J, Huang J, Li T, Yao Z, et al. Disease-Associated Streptococcus pneumoniae Genetic Variation. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):39-49. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221927
AMA Yang S, Chen J, Fu J, et al. Disease-Associated Streptococcus pneumoniae Genetic Variation. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):39-49. doi:10.3201/eid3001.221927.
APA Yang, S., Chen, J., Fu, J., Huang, J., Li, T., Yao, Z....Ye, X. (2024). Disease-Associated Streptococcus pneumoniae Genetic Variation. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221927.

Effect of 2020–21 and 2021–22 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Epidemics on Wild Birds, the Netherlands [PDF - 1.05 MB - 8 pages]
V. Caliendo et al.

The number of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5-related infections and deaths of wild birds in Europe was high during October 1, 2020–September 30, 2022. To quantify deaths among wild species groups with known susceptibility for HPAI H5 during those epidemics, we collected and recorded mortality data of wild birds in the Netherlands. HPAI virus infection was reported in 51 bird species. The species with the highest numbers of reported dead and infected birds varied per epidemic year; in 2020–21, they were within the Anatidae family, in particular barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) and in 2021–22, they were within the sea bird group, particularly Sandwich terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis) and northern gannet (Morus bassanus). Because of the difficulty of anticipating and modeling the future trends of HPAI among wild birds, we recommend monitoring live and dead wild birds as a tool for surveillance of the changing dynamics of HPAI.

EID Caliendo V, Kleyheeg E, Beerens N, Camphuysen K, Cazemier R, Elbers A, et al. Effect of 2020–21 and 2021–22 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Epidemics on Wild Birds, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):50-57. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230970
AMA Caliendo V, Kleyheeg E, Beerens N, et al. Effect of 2020–21 and 2021–22 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Epidemics on Wild Birds, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):50-57. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230970.
APA Caliendo, V., Kleyheeg, E., Beerens, N., Camphuysen, K., Cazemier, R., Elbers, A....Rijks, J. M. (2024). Effect of 2020–21 and 2021–22 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Epidemics on Wild Birds, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230970.

COVID-19–Related School Closures, United States, July 27, 2020–June 30, 2022 [PDF - 2.29 MB - 12 pages]
N. Zviedrite et al.

As part of a multiyear project that monitored illness-related school closures, we conducted systematic daily online searches during July 27, 2020–June 30, 2022, to identify public announcements of COVID-19–related school closures (COVID-SCs) in the United States lasting >1 day. We explored the temporospatial patterns of COVID-SCs and analyzed associations between COVID-SCs and national COVID-19 surveillance data. COVID-SCs reflected national surveillance data: correlation was highest between COVID-SCs and both new PCR test positivity (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.73, 95% CI 0.56–0.84) and new cases (r = 0.72, 95% CI 0.54–0.83) during 2020–21 and with hospitalization rates among all ages (r = 0.81, 95% CI 0.67–0.89) during 2021–22. The numbers of reactive COVID-SCs during 2020–21 and 2021–22 greatly exceeded previously observed numbers of illness-related reactive school closures in the United States, notably being nearly 5-fold greater than reactive closures observed during the 2009 influenza (H1N1) pandemic.

EID Zviedrite N, Jahan F, Moreland S, Ahmed F, Uzicanin A. COVID-19–Related School Closures, United States, July 27, 2020–June 30, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):58-69. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231215
AMA Zviedrite N, Jahan F, Moreland S, et al. COVID-19–Related School Closures, United States, July 27, 2020–June 30, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):58-69. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231215.
APA Zviedrite, N., Jahan, F., Moreland, S., Ahmed, F., & Uzicanin, A. (2024). COVID-19–Related School Closures, United States, July 27, 2020–June 30, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231215.

Effectiveness of Vaccines and Antiviral Drugs in Preventing Severe and Fatal COVID-19, Hong Kong [PDF - 2.12 MB - 9 pages]
Y. Cheung et al.

We compared the effectiveness and interactions of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and 2 vaccines, CoronaVac and Comirnaty, in a large population of inpatients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong. Both the oral antiviral drugs and vaccines were associated with lower risks for all-cause mortality and progression to serious/critical/fatal conditions (study outcomes). No significant interaction effects were observed between the antiviral drugs and vaccinations; their joint effects were additive. If antiviral drugs were prescribed within 5 days of confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, usage was associated with lower risks for the target outcomes for patients >60, but not <60, years of age; no significant clinical benefit was found if prescribed beyond 5 days. Among patients >80 years of age, 3–4 doses of Comirnaty vaccine were associated with significantly lower risks for target outcomes. Policies should encourage COVID-19 vaccination, and oral antivirals should be made accessible to infected persons within 5 days of confirmed diagnosis.

EID Cheung Y, Lau E, Yin G, Lin Y, Cowling BJ, Lam K. Effectiveness of Vaccines and Antiviral Drugs in Preventing Severe and Fatal COVID-19, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):70-78. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230414
AMA Cheung Y, Lau E, Yin G, et al. Effectiveness of Vaccines and Antiviral Drugs in Preventing Severe and Fatal COVID-19, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):70-78. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230414.
APA Cheung, Y., Lau, E., Yin, G., Lin, Y., Cowling, B. J., & Lam, K. (2024). Effectiveness of Vaccines and Antiviral Drugs in Preventing Severe and Fatal COVID-19, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230414.

Costs of Digital Adherence Technologies for Tuberculosis Treatment Support, 2018–2021 [PDF - 2.06 MB - 10 pages]
N. Nsengiyumva et al.

Digital adherence technologies are increasingly used to support tuberculosis (TB) treatment adherence. Using microcosting, we estimated healthcare system costs (in 2022 US dollars) of 2 digital adherence technologies, 99DOTS medication sleeves and video-observed therapy (VOT), implemented in demonstration projects during 2018–2021. We also obtained cost estimates for standard directly observed therapy (DOT). Estimated per-person costs of 99DOTS for drug-sensitive TB were $98 in Bangladesh (n = 719), $119 in the Philippines (n = 396), and $174 in Tanzania (n = 976). Estimated per-person costs of VOT were $1,154 in Haiti (87 drug-sensitive), $304 in Moldova (173 drug-sensitive), $452 in Moldova (135 drug-resistant), and $661 in the Philippines (110 drug-resistant). 99DOTS costs may be similar to or less expensive than standard DOT. VOT is more expensive, although in some settings, labor cost offsets or economies of scale may yield savings. 99DOTS and VOT may yield savings to local programs if donors cover infrastructure costs.

EID Nsengiyumva N, Khan A, Gler MS, Tonquin ML, Marcelo D, Andrews MC, et al. Costs of Digital Adherence Technologies for Tuberculosis Treatment Support, 2018–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):79-88. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230427
AMA Nsengiyumva N, Khan A, Gler MS, et al. Costs of Digital Adherence Technologies for Tuberculosis Treatment Support, 2018–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):79-88. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230427.
APA Nsengiyumva, N., Khan, A., Gler, M. S., Tonquin, M. L., Marcelo, D., Andrews, M. C....Schwartzman, K. (2024). Costs of Digital Adherence Technologies for Tuberculosis Treatment Support, 2018–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230427.

Doxycycline Prophylaxis for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Naval Special Warfare Trainees, United States [PDF - 504 KB - 7 pages]
J. Spiro et al.

In 2015, several severe cases of skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) among US Naval Special Warfare trainees prompted the introduction of doxycycline prophylaxis during the highest-risk portion of training, Hell Week. We performed a retrospective analysis of the effect of this intervention on SSTI incidence and resulting hospital admissions during 2013–2020. In total, 3,371 trainees underwent Hell Week training during the study period; 284 SSTIs were diagnosed overall, 29 of which led to hospitalization. After doxycycline prophylaxis was introduced, admission rates for SSTI decreased from 1.37 to 0.64 admissions/100 trainees (p = 0.036). Overall SSTI rates remained stable at 7.42 to 8.86 SSTIs/100 trainees (p = 0.185). Hospitalization rates per diagnosed SSTI decreased from 18.4% to 7.2% (p = 0.009). Average length of hospitalization decreased from 9.01 days to 4.33 days (p = 0.034). Doxycycline prophylaxis was associated with decreased frequency and severity of hospitalization for SSTIs among this population.

EID Spiro J, Wisniewski P, Schwartz J, Smith AG, Burger S, Tilley DH, et al. Doxycycline Prophylaxis for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Naval Special Warfare Trainees, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):89-95. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230890
AMA Spiro J, Wisniewski P, Schwartz J, et al. Doxycycline Prophylaxis for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Naval Special Warfare Trainees, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):89-95. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230890.
APA Spiro, J., Wisniewski, P., Schwartz, J., Smith, A. G., Burger, S., Tilley, D. H....Maves, R. C. (2024). Doxycycline Prophylaxis for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Naval Special Warfare Trainees, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 89-95. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230890.

Predictive Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Food-Producing Animals, Europe, 2000–2021 [PDF - 1.96 MB - 9 pages]
R. Mulchandani et al.

In Europe, systematic national surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-producing animals has been conducted for decades; however, geographic distribution within countries remains unknown. To determine distribution within Europe, we combined 33,802 country-level AMR prevalence estimates with 2,849 local AMR prevalence estimates from 209 point prevalence surveys across 31 countries. We produced geospatial models of AMR prevalence in Escherichia coli, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter for cattle, pigs, and poultry. We summarized AMR trends by using the proportion of tested antimicrobial compounds with resistance >50% and generated predictive maps at 10 × 10 km resolution that disaggregated AMR prevalence. For E. coli, predicted prevalence rates were highest in southern Romania and southern/eastern Italy; for Salmonella, southern Hungary and central Poland; and for Campylobacter, throughout Spain. Our findings suggest that AMR distribution is heterogeneous within countries and that surveillance data from below the country level could help with prioritizing resources to reduce AMR.

EID Mulchandani R, Zhao C, Tiseo K, Pires J, Van Boeckel TP. Predictive Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Food-Producing Animals, Europe, 2000–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):96-104. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221450
AMA Mulchandani R, Zhao C, Tiseo K, et al. Predictive Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Food-Producing Animals, Europe, 2000–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):96-104. doi:10.3201/eid3001.221450.
APA Mulchandani, R., Zhao, C., Tiseo, K., Pires, J., & Van Boeckel, T. P. (2024). Predictive Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Food-Producing Animals, Europe, 2000–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221450.

Population-Based Study of Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors among Persons >50 Years of Age, Australia [PDF - 1.55 MB - 11 pages]
R. Pearce et al.

Despite vaccination programs, pertussis has been poorly controlled, especially among older adults in Australia. This longitudinal, retrospective, observational study aimed to estimate the incidence and risk factors of pertussis among persons ≥50 years of age in Australia in the primary care setting, including those with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. We used the IQVIA general practitioner electronic medical record database to identify patients ≥50 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of pertussis during 2015–2019. Pertussis incidence rates ranged from 57.6 to 91.4 per 100,000 persons and were higher among women and highest in those 50–64 years of age. Patients with COPD or asthma had higher incidence rates and an increased risk for pertussis compared with the overall population ≥50 years of age. Our findings suggest that persons ≥50 years of age in Australia with COPD or asthma have a higher incidence of and risk for pertussis diagnosis.

EID Pearce R, Chen J, Chin KL, Guignard A, Latorre L, MacIntyre C, et al. Population-Based Study of Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors among Persons >50 Years of Age, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):105-115. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230261
AMA Pearce R, Chen J, Chin KL, et al. Population-Based Study of Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors among Persons >50 Years of Age, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):105-115. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230261.
APA Pearce, R., Chen, J., Chin, K. L., Guignard, A., Latorre, L., MacIntyre, C....Shantakumar, S. (2024). Population-Based Study of Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors among Persons >50 Years of Age, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230261.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Tuberculosis Incidence, Arkansas, USA, 2010–2021 [PDF - 473 KB - 9 pages]
M. Humayun et al.

We conducted an epidemiologic assessment of disease distribution by race/ethnicity to identify subpopulation-specific drivers of tuberculosis (TB). We used detailed racial/ethnic categorizations for the 932 TB cases diagnosed in Arkansas, USA, during 2010–2021. After adjusting for age and sex, racial/ethnic disparities persisted; the Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NHPI) group had the highest risk for TB (risk ratio 173.6, 95% CI 140.6–214.2) compared with the non-Hispanic White group, followed by Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black. Notable racial/ethnic disparities existed across all age groups; NHPI persons 0–14 years of age were at a particularly increased risk for TB (risk ratio 888, 95% CI 403–1,962). The risks for sputum smear–positive pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB were both significantly higher for racial/ethnic minority groups. Our findings suggest that TB control in Arkansas can benefit from a targeted focus on subpopulations at increased risk for TB.

EID Humayun M, Mukasa L, Ye W, Bates JH, Yang Z. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Tuberculosis Incidence, Arkansas, USA, 2010–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):116-124. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230778
AMA Humayun M, Mukasa L, Ye W, et al. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Tuberculosis Incidence, Arkansas, USA, 2010–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):116-124. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230778.
APA Humayun, M., Mukasa, L., Ye, W., Bates, J. H., & Yang, Z. (2024). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Tuberculosis Incidence, Arkansas, USA, 2010–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 116-124. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230778.
Dispatches

Reemergence of Human African Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Ethiopia [PDF - 1.11 MB - 4 pages]
A. Abera et al.

We report 4 cases of human African trypanosomiasis that occurred in Ethiopia in 2022, thirty years after the last previously reported case in the country. Two of 4 patients died before medicine became available. We identified the infecting parasite as Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Those cases imply human African trypanosomiasis has reemerged.

EID Abera A, Mamecha T, Abose E, Bokicho B, Ashole A, Bishaw T, et al. Reemergence of Human African Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):125-128. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231319
AMA Abera A, Mamecha T, Abose E, et al. Reemergence of Human African Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Ethiopia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):125-128. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231319.
APA Abera, A., Mamecha, T., Abose, E., Bokicho, B., Ashole, A., Bishaw, T....Tasew, G. (2024). Reemergence of Human African Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Ethiopia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 125-128. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231319.

Helicobacter fennelliae Localization to Diffuse Areas of Human Intestine, Japan [PDF - 2.90 MB - 4 pages]
T. Sakoh et al.

The site of enterohepatic Helicobacter colonization/infection in humans is still unknown. We report microbiologically and histopathologically confirmed H. fennelliae localization in the large intestine in an immunocompromised patient in Japan. This case contributes to better understanding of the life cycle of enterohepatic Helicobacter species.

EID Sakoh T, Miyajima E, Endo Y, Kono K, Sato J, Haraguchi M, et al. Helicobacter fennelliae Localization to Diffuse Areas of Human Intestine, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):129-132. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231049
AMA Sakoh T, Miyajima E, Endo Y, et al. Helicobacter fennelliae Localization to Diffuse Areas of Human Intestine, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):129-132. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231049.
APA Sakoh, T., Miyajima, E., Endo, Y., Kono, K., Sato, J., Haraguchi, M....Araoka, H. (2024). Helicobacter fennelliae Localization to Diffuse Areas of Human Intestine, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 129-132. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231049.

Hantavirus Disease Cluster Caused by Seoul Virus, Germany [PDF - 433 KB - 3 pages]
J. Hofmann et al.

A cluster of 3 persons in Germany experienced hantavirus disease with renal insufficiency. Reverse transcription PCR–based genotyping revealed infection by Seoul hantavirus transmitted from pet rats. Seoul virus could be responsible for disease clusters in Europe, and infected pet rats should be considered a health threat.

EID Hofmann J, Ulrich RG, Mehl C, Drewes S, Esser J, Loyen M, et al. Hantavirus Disease Cluster Caused by Seoul Virus, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):133-135. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230855
AMA Hofmann J, Ulrich RG, Mehl C, et al. Hantavirus Disease Cluster Caused by Seoul Virus, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):133-135. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230855.
APA Hofmann, J., Ulrich, R. G., Mehl, C., Drewes, S., Esser, J., Loyen, M....Krüger, D. H. (2024). Hantavirus Disease Cluster Caused by Seoul Virus, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 133-135. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230855.

Tuberculosis Diagnostic Delays and Treatment Outcomes among Patients with COVID-19, California, USA, 2020 [PDF - 775 KB - 5 pages]
E. Han et al.

We assessed tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic delays among patients with TB and COVID-19 in California, USA. Among 58 persons, 43% experienced TB diagnostic delays, and a high proportion (83%) required hospitalization for TB. Even when viral respiratory pathogens circulate widely, timely TB diagnostic workup for at-risk persons remains critical for reducing TB-related illness.

EID Han E, Nabity SA, Dasgupta-Tsinikas S, Guevara RE, Moore M, Kadakia A, et al. Tuberculosis Diagnostic Delays and Treatment Outcomes among Patients with COVID-19, California, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):136-140. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230924
AMA Han E, Nabity SA, Dasgupta-Tsinikas S, et al. Tuberculosis Diagnostic Delays and Treatment Outcomes among Patients with COVID-19, California, USA, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):136-140. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230924.
APA Han, E., Nabity, S. A., Dasgupta-Tsinikas, S., Guevara, R. E., Moore, M., Kadakia, A....Flood, J. (2024). Tuberculosis Diagnostic Delays and Treatment Outcomes among Patients with COVID-19, California, USA, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 136-140. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230924.

Respiratory Viruses in Wastewater Compared with Clinical Samples, Leuven, Belgium [PDF - 2.90 MB - 5 pages]
A. Rector et al.

In a 2-year study in Leuven, Belgium, we investigated the use of wastewater sampling to assess community spread of respiratory viruses. Comparison with the number of positive clinical samples demonstrated that wastewater data reflected circulation levels of typical seasonal respiratory viruses, such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and enterovirus D68.

EID Rector A, Bloemen M, Thijssen M, Pussig B, Beuselinck K, Van Ranst M, et al. Respiratory Viruses in Wastewater Compared with Clinical Samples, Leuven, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):141-145. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231011
AMA Rector A, Bloemen M, Thijssen M, et al. Respiratory Viruses in Wastewater Compared with Clinical Samples, Leuven, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):141-145. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231011.
APA Rector, A., Bloemen, M., Thijssen, M., Pussig, B., Beuselinck, K., Van Ranst, M....Wollants, E. (2024). Respiratory Viruses in Wastewater Compared with Clinical Samples, Leuven, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231011.

Excess Deaths Associated with Rheumatic Heart Disease, Australia, 2013–2017 [PDF - 1.13 MB - 5 pages]
I. Stacey et al.

During 2013–2017, the mortality rate ratio for rheumatic heart disease among Indigenous versus non-Indigenous persons in Australia was 15.9, reflecting health inequity. Using excess mortality methods, we found that deaths associated with rheumatic heart disease among Indigenous Australians were probably substantially undercounted, affecting accuracy of calculations based solely on Australian Bureau of Statistics data.

EID Stacey I, Seth R, Nedkoff L, Wade V, Haynes E, Carapetis J, et al. Excess Deaths Associated with Rheumatic Heart Disease, Australia, 2013–2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):146-150. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230905
AMA Stacey I, Seth R, Nedkoff L, et al. Excess Deaths Associated with Rheumatic Heart Disease, Australia, 2013–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):146-150. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230905.
APA Stacey, I., Seth, R., Nedkoff, L., Wade, V., Haynes, E., Carapetis, J....Katzenellenbogen, J. (2024). Excess Deaths Associated with Rheumatic Heart Disease, Australia, 2013–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 146-150. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230905.

Delayed Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Pregnant Patient with Sickle Cell Trait 11 Years after Exposure, Oregon, USA [PDF - 796 KB - 4 pages]
W. Drummond et al.

Delayed Plasmodium falciparum malaria in immigrants from disease-endemic countries is rare. Such cases pose a challenge for public health because mosquitoborne transmission must be rigorously investigated. We report a case of delayed P. falciparum malaria in a pregnant woman with sickle cell trait 11 years after immigration to the United States.

EID Drummond W, Rees K, Ladd-Wilson S, Mace KE, Blackall D, Sutton M. Delayed Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Pregnant Patient with Sickle Cell Trait 11 Years after Exposure, Oregon, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):151-154. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231231
AMA Drummond W, Rees K, Ladd-Wilson S, et al. Delayed Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Pregnant Patient with Sickle Cell Trait 11 Years after Exposure, Oregon, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):151-154. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231231.
APA Drummond, W., Rees, K., Ladd-Wilson, S., Mace, K. E., Blackall, D., & Sutton, M. (2024). Delayed Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Pregnant Patient with Sickle Cell Trait 11 Years after Exposure, Oregon, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 151-154. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231231.

Genomic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Brucella neotomae [PDF - 1.42 MB - 4 pages]
G. Vergnaud et al.

After reports in 2017 of Brucella neotomae infections among humans in Costa Rica, we sequenced 12 strains isolated from rodents during 1955–1964 from Utah, USA. We observed an exact strain match between the human isolates and 1 Utah isolate. Independent confirmation is required to clarify B. neotomae zoonotic potential.

EID Vergnaud G, Zygmunt MS, Ashford RT, Whatmore AM, Cloeckaert A. Genomic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Brucella neotomae. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):155-158. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221783
AMA Vergnaud G, Zygmunt MS, Ashford RT, et al. Genomic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Brucella neotomae. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):155-158. doi:10.3201/eid3001.221783.
APA Vergnaud, G., Zygmunt, M. S., Ashford, R. T., Whatmore, A. M., & Cloeckaert, A. (2024). Genomic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Brucella neotomae. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 155-158. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221783.

Increased Peripheral Venous Catheter Bloodstream Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Switzerland [PDF - 749 KB - 4 pages]
M. Zanella et al.

Studies suggest that central venous catheter bloodstream infections (BSIs) increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated catheter-related BSIs in Switzerland and found peripheral venous catheter (PVC) BSI incidence increased during 2021–2022 compared with 2020. These findings should raise awareness of PVC-associated BSIs and prompt inclusion of PVC BSIs in surveillance systems.

EID Zanella M, Pianca E, Catho G, Obama B, De Kraker M, Nguyen A, et al. Increased Peripheral Venous Catheter Bloodstream Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):159-162. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230183
AMA Zanella M, Pianca E, Catho G, et al. Increased Peripheral Venous Catheter Bloodstream Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):159-162. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230183.
APA Zanella, M., Pianca, E., Catho, G., Obama, B., De Kraker, M., Nguyen, A....Buetti, N. (2024). Increased Peripheral Venous Catheter Bloodstream Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230183.

Emergence of Novel Norovirus GII.4 Variant [PDF - 1.38 MB - 5 pages]
P. Chhabra et al.

We detected a novel GII.4 variant with an amino acid insertion at the start of epitope A in viral protein 1 of noroviruses from the United States, Gabon, South Africa, and the United Kingdom collected during 2017–2022. Early identification of GII.4 variants is crucial for assessing pandemic potential and informing vaccine development.

EID Chhabra P, Tully DC, Mans J, Niendorf S, Barclay L, Cannon JL, et al. Emergence of Novel Norovirus GII.4 Variant. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):163-167. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231003
AMA Chhabra P, Tully DC, Mans J, et al. Emergence of Novel Norovirus GII.4 Variant. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):163-167. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231003.
APA Chhabra, P., Tully, D. C., Mans, J., Niendorf, S., Barclay, L., Cannon, J. L....Vinjé, J. (2024). Emergence of Novel Norovirus GII.4 Variant. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 163-167. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231003.

Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibodies in Healthy Adults after Exposure to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 [PDF - 843 KB - 4 pages]
P. Daulagala et al.

We detected high titers of cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition antibodies to influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b in 96.8% (61/63) of serum samples from healthy adults in Hong Kong in 2020. In contrast, antibodies at low titers were detected in 42% (21/50) of serum samples collected in 2009. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H5N1) titers were correlated.

EID Daulagala P, Cheng S, Chin A, Luk L, Leung K, Wu JT, et al. Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibodies in Healthy Adults after Exposure to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):168-171. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230756
AMA Daulagala P, Cheng S, Chin A, et al. Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibodies in Healthy Adults after Exposure to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):168-171. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230756.
APA Daulagala, P., Cheng, S., Chin, A., Luk, L., Leung, K., Wu, J. T....Yen, H. (2024). Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibodies in Healthy Adults after Exposure to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 168-171. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230756.

Clade I–Associated Mpox Cases Associated with Sexual Contact, the Democratic Republic of the Congo [PDF - 1.10 MB - 5 pages]
E. M. Kibungu et al.

We report a cluster of clade I monkeypox virus infections linked to sexual contact in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Case investigations resulted in 5 reverse transcription PCR–confirmed infections; genome sequencing suggest they belonged to the same transmission chain. This finding demonstrates that mpox transmission through sexual contact extends beyond clade IIb.

EID Kibungu EM, Vakaniaki EH, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Kalonji-Mukendi T, Pukuta E, Hoff NA, et al. Clade I–Associated Mpox Cases Associated with Sexual Contact, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):172-176. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231164
AMA Kibungu EM, Vakaniaki EH, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, et al. Clade I–Associated Mpox Cases Associated with Sexual Contact, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):172-176. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231164.
APA Kibungu, E. M., Vakaniaki, E. H., Kinganda-Lusamaki, E., Kalonji-Mukendi, T., Pukuta, E., Hoff, N. A....Lushima, R. S. (2024). Clade I–Associated Mpox Cases Associated with Sexual Contact, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 172-176. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231164.

Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (B Virus) Infection in Humans, Japan, 2019 [PDF - 1.08 MB - 3 pages]
S. Yamada et al.

Two human patients with Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 infection were identified in Japan in 2019. Both patients had worked at the same company, which had a macaque facility. The rhesus-genotype B virus genome was detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples from both patients.

EID Yamada S, Katano H, Sato Y, Suzuki T, Uda A, Ishijima K, et al. Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (B Virus) Infection in Humans, Japan, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):177-179. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230435
AMA Yamada S, Katano H, Sato Y, et al. Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (B Virus) Infection in Humans, Japan, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):177-179. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230435.
APA Yamada, S., Katano, H., Sato, Y., Suzuki, T., Uda, A., Ishijima, K....Fukushi, S. (2024). Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (B Virus) Infection in Humans, Japan, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 177-179. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230435.

Estimation of Incubation Period of Mpox during 2022 Outbreak in Pereira, Colombia [PDF - 388 KB - 3 pages]
J. M. Estrada Alvarez et al.

We estimated the incubation period for mpox during an outbreak in Pereira, Colombia, using data from 11 confirmed cases. Mean incubation period was 7.1 (95% CI 4.9–9.9) days, consistent with previous outbreaks. Accurately estimating the incubation period provides insights into transmission dynamics, informing public health interventions and surveillance strategies.

EID Estrada Alvarez JM, Acuña M, García Arias HF, Alvarado F, Ospina Ramírez JJ. Estimation of Incubation Period of Mpox during 2022 Outbreak in Pereira, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):180-182. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221663
AMA Estrada Alvarez JM, Acuña M, García Arias HF, et al. Estimation of Incubation Period of Mpox during 2022 Outbreak in Pereira, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):180-182. doi:10.3201/eid3001.221663.
APA Estrada Alvarez, J. M., Acuña, M., García Arias, H. F., Alvarado, F., & Ospina Ramírez, J. J. (2024). Estimation of Incubation Period of Mpox during 2022 Outbreak in Pereira, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 180-182. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.221663.
Research Letters

Autochthonous Dengue Fever in 2 Patients, Rome, Italy [PDF - 223 KB - 2 pages]
S. Vita et al.

Since August 2023, outbreaks of dengue virus (DENV) infection have occurred in Italy. We report 2 autochthonous case-patients and their extended follow-up. Despite persistent DENV detected in blood by PCR, results for antigenomic DENV RNA were negative after day 5, suggesting that a 5-day isolation period is adequate to avoid secondary cases.

EID Vita S, Bordi L, Sberna G, Caputi P, Lapa D, Corpolongo A, et al. Autochthonous Dengue Fever in 2 Patients, Rome, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):183-184. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231508
AMA Vita S, Bordi L, Sberna G, et al. Autochthonous Dengue Fever in 2 Patients, Rome, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):183-184. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231508.
APA Vita, S., Bordi, L., Sberna, G., Caputi, P., Lapa, D., Corpolongo, A....Nicastri, E. (2024). Autochthonous Dengue Fever in 2 Patients, Rome, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 183-184. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231508.

Pseudomonas guariconensis Necrotizing Fasciitis, United Kingdom [PDF - 314 KB - 3 pages]
E. J. Moseley et al.

We describe a case of necrotizing fasciitis in the United Kingdom in which Pseudomonas guariconensis was isolated from multiple blood culture and tissue samples. The organism carried a Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase gene and evidence of decreased susceptibility to β-lactam antimicrobial agents. Clinicians should use caution when treating infection caused by this rare pathogen.

EID Moseley EJ, Zhang J, Williams O. Pseudomonas guariconensis Necrotizing Fasciitis, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):185-187. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231192
AMA Moseley EJ, Zhang J, Williams O. Pseudomonas guariconensis Necrotizing Fasciitis, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):185-187. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231192.
APA Moseley, E. J., Zhang, J., & Williams, O. (2024). Pseudomonas guariconensis Necrotizing Fasciitis, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 185-187. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231192.

Rare Spiroplasma Bloodstream Infection in Patient after Surgery, China, 2022 [PDF - 421 KB - 3 pages]
N. Xiu et al.

We report a case of Spiroplasma bloodstream infection in a patient in China who developed pulmonary infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock after emergency surgery for type A aortic dissection. One organism closely related to Spiroplasma eriocheiris was isolated from blood culture and identified by whole-genome sequencing.

EID Xiu N, Yang C, Chen X, Long J, Qu P. Rare Spiroplasma Bloodstream Infection in Patient after Surgery, China, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):187-189. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230858
AMA Xiu N, Yang C, Chen X, et al. Rare Spiroplasma Bloodstream Infection in Patient after Surgery, China, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):187-189. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230858.
APA Xiu, N., Yang, C., Chen, X., Long, J., & Qu, P. (2024). Rare Spiroplasma Bloodstream Infection in Patient after Surgery, China, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 187-189. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230858.

Emergence of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Cosmopolitan Genotype, Colombia [PDF - 787 KB - 4 pages]
D. Martínez et al.

Using Oxford Nanopore technologies and phylogenetic analyses, we sequenced and identified the cosmopolitan genotype of dengue virus serotype 2 isolated from 2 patients in the city of Villavicencio, Meta department, Colombia. This identification suggests the emergence of this genotype in the country, which warrants further surveillance to identify its epidemic potential.

EID Martínez D, Gómez M, Hernández C, Muñoz M, Campo-Palacio S, González-Robayo M, et al. Emergence of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Cosmopolitan Genotype, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):189-192. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230972
AMA Martínez D, Gómez M, Hernández C, et al. Emergence of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Cosmopolitan Genotype, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):189-192. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230972.
APA Martínez, D., Gómez, M., Hernández, C., Muñoz, M., Campo-Palacio, S., González-Robayo, M....Ramírez, J. (2024). Emergence of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Cosmopolitan Genotype, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 189-192. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230972.

Mycobacterium senegalense Infection in Kidney Transplant Patient with Diabetes, Memphis, Tennessee, USA [PDF - 307 KB - 3 pages]
N. Singh et al.

Fewer than 30 cases of Mycobacterium senegalense infection have been reported. We report a complicated case of M. senegalense infection in Memphis, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. The patient's comorbidities of past organ transplant and insulin-dependent diabetes required delicate consideration of those health conditions to guide treatment.

EID Singh N, Khare R, Mazumder S. Mycobacterium senegalense Infection in Kidney Transplant Patient with Diabetes, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):192-194. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231013
AMA Singh N, Khare R, Mazumder S. Mycobacterium senegalense Infection in Kidney Transplant Patient with Diabetes, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):192-194. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231013.
APA Singh, N., Khare, R., & Mazumder, S. (2024). Mycobacterium senegalense Infection in Kidney Transplant Patient with Diabetes, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 192-194. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231013.

Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Norovirus GII.8[P8], Thailand, 2023 [PDF - 1.14 MB - 4 pages]
W. Chuchaona et al.

Acute gastroenteritis associated with human norovirus infection was reported in Phuket, Thailand, in June 2023. We amplified GII.8[P8] from the outbreak stool specimens. Retrospective sample analysis identified infrequent GII.8[P8] in the country beginning in 2018. In all, the 10 whole-genome GII.8[P8] sequences from Thailand we examined had no evidence of genotypic recombination.

EID Chuchaona W, Vongpunsawad S, Lawtongkum W, Thepnarong N, Poovorawan Y. Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Norovirus GII.8[P8], Thailand, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):194-197. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231264
AMA Chuchaona W, Vongpunsawad S, Lawtongkum W, et al. Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Norovirus GII.8[P8], Thailand, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):194-197. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231264.
APA Chuchaona, W., Vongpunsawad, S., Lawtongkum, W., Thepnarong, N., & Poovorawan, Y. (2024). Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Norovirus GII.8[P8], Thailand, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 194-197. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231264.

Use of Doxycycline to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections According to Provider Characteristics [PDF - 478 KB - 3 pages]
W. S. Pearson et al.

Use of doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may lead to antimicrobial resistance. We analyzed attitudes toward this practice between US providers who commonly and less commonly treat STIs. Providers who more commonly treat STIs are more likely to prescribe prophylactic doxycycline and believe that benefits outweigh potential for increased antimicrobial resistance.

EID Pearson WS, Emerson B, Hogben M, Barbee L. Use of Doxycycline to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections According to Provider Characteristics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):197-199. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231152
AMA Pearson WS, Emerson B, Hogben M, et al. Use of Doxycycline to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections According to Provider Characteristics. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):197-199. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231152.
APA Pearson, W. S., Emerson, B., Hogben, M., & Barbee, L. (2024). Use of Doxycycline to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections According to Provider Characteristics. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 197-199. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231152.

Shiga Toxin‒Producing Escherichia coli Diagnoses from Health Practitioners, Queensland, Australia [PDF - 585 KB - 4 pages]
A. C. Shrestha et al.

In Queensland, Australia, 31 of 96 Shiga toxin‒producing Escherichia coli cases during 2020–2022 were reported by a specialty pathology laboratory servicing alternative health practitioners. Those new cases were more likely to be asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic, prompting a review of the standard public health response.

EID Shrestha AC, Stafford R, Bell R, Jennison AV, Graham R, Field E, et al. Shiga Toxin‒Producing Escherichia coli Diagnoses from Health Practitioners, Queensland, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):199-202. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231202
AMA Shrestha AC, Stafford R, Bell R, et al. Shiga Toxin‒Producing Escherichia coli Diagnoses from Health Practitioners, Queensland, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):199-202. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231202.
APA Shrestha, A. C., Stafford, R., Bell, R., Jennison, A. V., Graham, R., Field, E....Lambert, S. B. (2024). Shiga Toxin‒Producing Escherichia coli Diagnoses from Health Practitioners, Queensland, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 199-202. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231202.

Frequency of Children Diagnosed with Perinatal Hepatitis C, United States, 2018–2020 [PDF - 372 KB - 3 pages]
S. M. Newton et al.

We describe hepatitis C testing of 47 (2%) of 2,266 children diagnosed with perinatal hepatitis C who were exposed during 2018–2020 in 7 jurisdictions in the United States. Expected frequency of perinatal transmission is 5.8%, indicating only one third of the cases in this cohort were reported to public health authorities.

EID Newton SM, Woodworth KR, Chang D, Sizemore L, Wingate H, Pinckney L, et al. Frequency of Children Diagnosed with Perinatal Hepatitis C, United States, 2018–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):202-204. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230315
AMA Newton SM, Woodworth KR, Chang D, et al. Frequency of Children Diagnosed with Perinatal Hepatitis C, United States, 2018–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):202-204. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230315.
APA Newton, S. M., Woodworth, K. R., Chang, D., Sizemore, L., Wingate, H., Pinckney, L....Tong, V. T. (2024). Frequency of Children Diagnosed with Perinatal Hepatitis C, United States, 2018–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 202-204. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230315.
Letters

Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany [PDF - 229 KB - 1 page]
J. de Bellocq et al.
EID de Bellocq J, Baird S, Fornůsková A. Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):205. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230334
AMA de Bellocq J, Baird S, Fornůsková A. Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):205. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230334.
APA de Bellocq, J., Baird, S., & Fornůsková, A. (2024). Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 205. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230334.

Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany (Response) [PDF - 236 KB - 2 pages]
C. Mehl et al.
EID Mehl C, Wylezich C, Geiger C, Schauerte N, Mätz-Rensing K, Nesseler A, et al. Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany (Response). Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):205-206. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231521
AMA Mehl C, Wylezich C, Geiger C, et al. Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany (Response). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):205-206. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231521.
APA Mehl, C., Wylezich, C., Geiger, C., Schauerte, N., Mätz-Rensing, K., Nesseler, A....Ulrich, R. G. (2024). Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany (Response). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 205-206. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231521.

SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Period, Japan [PDF - 276 KB - 2 pages]
H. Cheng et al.
EID Cheng H, Akhmetzhanov AR, Dushoff J. SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Period, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):206-207. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230208
AMA Cheng H, Akhmetzhanov AR, Dushoff J. SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Period, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):206-207. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230208.
APA Cheng, H., Akhmetzhanov, A. R., & Dushoff, J. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Period, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 206-207. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230208.

SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Period, Japan (Response) [PDF - 252 KB - 1 page]
T. Ogata and H. Tanaka
EID Ogata T, Tanaka H. SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Period, Japan (Response). Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):207. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231487
AMA Ogata T, Tanaka H. SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Period, Japan (Response). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(1):207. doi:10.3201/eid3001.231487.
APA Ogata, T., & Tanaka, H. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Period, Japan (Response). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(1), 207. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231487.
About the Cover

From Observing Little Animalcules to Detecting Fastidious Bacteria [PDF - 3.18 MB - 3 pages]
B. Breedlove and C. Partin
Page created: December 20, 2023
Page updated: December 22, 2023
Page reviewed: December 22, 2023
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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